Chemistry: C2

Chemistry: C2

Crude oil and its uses.
1. Synthetic and Natural materials.
  1. Synthetic
    1. Materials made from chemicals.
    2. Plastic
  2. Natural
    1. Materials that are made from living things.
      1. Wool
      2. Silk
      3. Cotton
      4. Paper.
2. Crude oil is a raw material obtained from the Earth’s crust
  1. Contains Hydrocarbons.
  2. Refining Crude Oil.
  3. The process of Refining involves separating the hydrocarbons.
    1. Fractional Distillation
      1. Each fraction separates as they have different boiling points.
        The smallest molecules contained in the crude oil have lower boiling points
        because the forces between these molecules are weak, so little energy is required to vaporise them.
3. Polymerisation.
  1. Some small molecules (monomers) can join together to make very long molecules called polymers.
  2. Many polymers are made from chemicals that are obtained from crude oil.
Arrangement of particles
1. The properties of solid materials depend on how the particles in these materials are arranged, and how they are held together.
2. A solid melts when the forces between its particles are broken.
3. Many polymers, such as poly(ethene), contain long molecules that lie side by side.
4. Plasticisers are small molecules that can be added to polymers during their manufacture.
  1. They push the polymer molecules slightly further apart, weakening the forces between them and making the material softer and more flexible.
5. Chemical bonds can be formed to link together the chains of some polymers. These cross-links make the material tougher and less flexible.
Nanotechnology.
1. A nanometre is one billionth of a metre (0.000 000 001m).
2. Nanoparticles of a material show different properties compared to larger particles of the same material.
3. sports equipment: nanoparticles are added to materials to make them stronger whilst often being lighter.
4. clothing: silver nanoparticles have been added to socks. This stops them from absorbing the smell of sweaty feet as the nanoparticles have antibacterial properties
5. healthcare: nanoparticles are used in sunscreens. They offer protection and can be rubbed in so there are no white marks.

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