Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Opium Wars
- Causes
- Opium Trade
- Started C7th
(medicinal),
C17th mixed
with tobbaco
and smoked
- East India
Company
- Wanted to trade
opium for tea,
Chinese govt
refused
- British traders smuggled in
Opium, in exchange for tea,
EIC made a huge profit
- EIC took control of of
growing opium in
Bengal, India, to
maximise profits.
- 1799 - Jiaqing Emperor
issued an imperial decree
banning imports of opium,
but the trade increased.
- EIC made 7 million silver
dollars between 1806-09
- Qing govt were in
Bejing, so unable
to prevent trade
to the south
- Commissioner
Lin sent to stop
the trade
- Influences/Actions of
Commissioner Lin
- British Reaction
- British traders angry at
the destruction of
opium
- demanded
compensation from the
Britsh govt
- antagonism increases,
British Sailors kill a
Chinese villager
- British govt refuse to send
the men to be tried under
Chinese law
- Outbreak & Nature of
War
- Hostilities broke out
when a British warship
destroyed a Chinese
Blockade
- July 1840 British fleet proceed up
Pearly River to Canton
- After negotiations they
attacked and occupied the
city in May 1841
- Following caimpaigns were sucessful
- Qing launched a counter
attack Spring 1842, but the
British held out
- British captured Nanjing
August 1842
- Consequences
- Convention of Chuepi
- British
Plenipotentiary
Charles Elliot &
Chinese Imperial
Commissioner
Qishan
- drafted 20th January
1841, never ratified
- Cessions, habour,
and island of Hong
Kong to the British
- but Qing govt
allowed to
collect taxes
- British took formal
possession 26th
January 1841
- An indemnity of 6
million silver dollars
to be paid to the
British govt
immediately
- Port of Canton to
be opened to
trade within 10
days of the new
year
- Direct intercourse
between the
countries upon
equal footing
- Taikoktow &
Chuenpi back
to Chinese
- returned 21st of
January
- British
prisoners in
Ningpo
released
- Treaty of
Nanking
- Ended the first
opium war, first
unequal treaty
- 29th of
August 1842
- ratified by Queen Victoria &
Daoguang Emperor 9 months later
- Foreign Trade
- abolished monopoly of
the Cohong and the 13
factories in Canton
- Four additional treaty ports
opened up alongside Canton;
Amoy, Ningpo, Foochowfoo,
and Shanghai
- Trade in treaty
ports subject to
fixed tarriff
- Britain gained right to send
consuls to Treaty Ports
- who can
communicate
directly with
local officals
- Reparations and
Demobilisation
- 21million silver dollars from China to
Britain as total reparations for the war
- 6m for the
confiscated opium
- 3m for debts the Hong Kong
merchants in Canton owed
British Merhcnats
- 12m for the cost of the
war
- Paid in annual installments
over three years
- charged an annual interest rate
of 5% if the debts weren't paid
on time
- All British prisoners of
war released
- amnesty for all Chinese
subjects who
co-operated with the
British.
- British withdrew all troops from Nanking and the
Grand canal after the treaty's ratification and the
first installment of reparations paid
- British troops would remain in Gulangyu
and Zhoushan until all reparations paid.
- Cession of Hong Kong
- made a crown colony
- a port for British traders to
unload their goods
- Aftermath & Legacy
- Supplementary treaties
should be established
- Treaty of the Bouge
3rd of October 1843
- Suplimentary treaties
left issues unfinished
- State of the Opium trade
- later legilised after the
Second Opium War (Tianjin)
- Treaty of the Bouge
- Signed 3rd of October 1843
- Granted extraterritoriality & most
favoured nation status (to Britain)
- Part of the "General Regulations of
Trade with Britain and China"
- laid down regulations for
Sino-British trade
- in particular where the
Brits could reside in
these ports
- Brits allowed to buy property in
treaty ports (and live there), but
not allowed to travel or trade
within the interior of China
- Aftermath
- paved way for the
consolidation of the
opening of China
- 1845 Qing & British
authorities promulgated
the Shanghai Land
Regulations
- Paved way for the Shanghai
International Settlement
- similar agreements in other cities
- lead to Anglo-Sino social
divide within cities
- Second Opium War
- Outbreak
- Britain
demanded more
of China
- all Chinese ports
open to British trade
- opium trade made legal to
opium to opium from
India & British Burma
- British goods
imports to be
free of levies
& tarrifs
- British embassy in Beijing
- Arrow incident 1856
- Chinese slow to
release the ship,
so Parmelston
sends warships
to shell Canton
- Anglo-French forces sieze
Canton & Tianjin 1857
- Outcome
- China forced to recognise
superiority of west
- Isolationism no
longer possible
- Increase in
opium imports
- Sino-Japanese War