6) Construction Surveying

6) Construction Surveying

1. Tertiary control

   • Sight rails
     • Monitor excavation
   • Batter boards
     • Control Slopes
   • Profiles
     • Define the corners&sides of buildings

2. Area determination

   • Measurement of dimensions
     • Straight sided figures
     • Figures with irregular boundaries
       • Reduction to straight sided figures
   • Coordinates
     • Straight sided figure with n sides
       • Area=½(Y1X2+Y2X3+...+YnX1)-(X1Y2+X2Y3+...+XnY1)

3. Volume determination

   • From dimensions formulae
   • Spotshots -grid of observation
     • v=A/V(Σsingle depths+2Σdouble depths+3Σtriple depths+4Σquadruple depths)
     • Trapezoidal rule
       • A=D/2(A1+A2+2A3+...+2An)
     • Simpsons rule
       • A=D/3(A1+An+4Aeven+2Aodd)
   • Contours
   • Prismoidal formula
     • V=D/3(A1+A5+4[A2+A4]+2[A3]
       • V=D/3[A1+An+4Aeven+2Aodd]
   • Simpsons rule for Volumes
     • Only applicable to an odd number of sections
     • V=d/3(A1+4A2+2A3+4A4+...+2An-2+4An-1+An)
   • End Areas
     • V=d/2(A1+2A2+2A3+...+2An-1+An)

4. Mass-Haul diagramm

   • Drawn after earthwork quantities have been calculated
   • Directly below the longitudinal section of the surveyd center line
   • Shows accumulated volume at any point
     • Can find from it: distance over which cut&fill will balance, quantities of material to be moved and their direction, amounts, etc.