Medieval Europe 12

Medieval Europe 12

1. Simony

   • Purchasing/bribing fr places in the church
   • Pope used this to build up their land until they formed a Papal State, 1000
   • Payments almost always accompanied changes of Pope

2. Clerical marriage

   • Common practice
   • Ordination was supposed to stop it
   • Celibacy=purity
   • Economic implications: diminishing church lands if clergy had children

3. Middle Kingdom

   • Was owned by Lothar, Louis the Pious' eldest, then divided between his brothers
   • War and anarchy here in 9th century
   • No one to protect the church so reform began from new monastic centres
   • Cluny founded in 910 by William
   • Cluny was granted independence from secular and episcopal authority
     • Answered only to Pope
   • Free from all service but prayer and could elect own
   • Different monasteries had different focuses: Cluny was prayer, others were education and manuscripts

4. 11th century

   • Different approaches to reform
   • Emperors led reform and focused on removing unworthy clergy
   • Focused on Chruch independence, answering nly to papacy
   • Troubled Papacy
     • Were 3 popes
     • Henry III declared them all unworthy and declared a new one
   • Leo IX purged many bishops and clergy
     • Reorganised chancery to cope with increased correspondance
     • Reorganised finances, continued educational revivals

5. Investiture controvesy

   • Cardinal Hildebrand, Pope Gregory the 7th
   • Possibly Roman monk, strong opionions on reform and papal authority
   • 1075 released papal dictates
   • Investiture was making of bishop: were given ring, lance and crozier
   • Pope and emperor tried to appoint different Archbishops of Milan
   • Henry fired Gregory so Gregory excommunicated Henry and tried to replace him
   • Henry later defeated his rival and exiled Gregory in 1084
   • Showed problems of church-state relations

6. Concordat of Worms

   • 1122
   • Pope was out of control of Emperor
   • Bishops turned to king for temporal lands and pope for spiritual matters
   • Scene was set for future conflict