Gastrointestinal

Gastrointestinal

1. Peptic Ulcer Disease

   • an ulceration of the peptic or digestive tract occurs. Acid is an aggressive factor in the stomach that, if reduced, allows an ulcer to heal.
   • Antacid (anti-acids)
     • calcuim carbonate (TUMS, Children's Pepto)
       • supplement calcium in a diet
       • CAL-see-um CAR-bow-nate ( TUMS)
       • Tums - tummy
     • magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
       • works as laxative
       • mag-KNEES-e-um high-DROCKS-ide (MILK mag-KNEE-shuh)
       • Milk of Magnesia - milk texture - diarrhea of lactose intolerance
   • Histamine2 Receptor Antagonists ( H2RAs) (H2 blocker/ H2 receptor antagonist)
     • HIstamine2 causes the formation of acid, so blocking its receptor reduces the production of acid.
     • Famotidine (Pepcid)
       • -tidine indicates it's an H2 blocker
       • Fa-MOE-ti-dean (PEP-sid)
       • Pepcid: pep - peptic & pepsin -digestion / cid - acid / Pepsi
     • ranitidine (Zantac)
       • ra-NI-ti-dean (ZAN-tack)
       • Zantac: 2 - H2 blocker / antac - ant-agonist ac-id
   • Proton Pump Inhibitors ( PPIS)
     • PPIs block a pump that introduces protons ( which are acidic) into the stomach, thus making it less acidic.  Prescribers combine PPIs with antibiotics for ulcer triple therapy to kill H.pylori.
     • esomeprazole (Nexium)
       • es-oh-MEP-rah-zole (NECKS-see-um)
       • The "prazole' ending means PPIs & the "e-s" means "S" for sinister or left-handed
     • omeprazole ( Prilosec)
       • oh-MEP-rah-zole (PRY-low-sec)
       • The prazole indicates PPI
       • Prilosec: Pr - proton or hydrogen ions, are what make an acid acidic / lo - low / sec - secretion of those protons

2. Diarrhea, Constipation, And Emesis

   • Antidiarrheals
     • diarrhea can lead to dehydration and sometimes we need to intervene and use OTC medications like bismuth subsalicylate ( Pepto-Bismol) or loperamine ( Imdoium) 
     • bismuth subsalicylate ( Pepto-Bismol)
       • BIZ-muth sub-sal-IS-uh-late ( pep-TOE BIZ-mol)
   • Contispation
     • Opiods like morphine ( Kadian) decrease gastrointestinal tract motility, causing contispation. Calcium blockers like verapamil ( Calan) block calcium from getting to the bowel's smooth muscle.  Prescribers frequently give a stool softener laxative for conspitation cause by these medications, or due to other cause. 
   • Emesis
     • emesis or vomiting is and effective natural body response to ingested toxins. However, with cancer chemotherapy, we want to prevent chemotherapy-included nausea and vomiting drugs like ondansetron ( Zofran)