bones of the upper limb

bones of the upper limb

1. shoulder bones

   • clavicle
     • Flat and elongated bone, extended from the sternum to the scapula..
       • UPPER FACE: medially convex and flat in 1/3 lateral.
         • LOWER FACE: roughness for the costoclavicular ligament, groove for the subclavian muscle, roughness for the insertion of the coraclavicularligament
           • ANTERIOR BORDER: convex medially and concave laterally REAR EDGE: equally sinuous but more protruding MEDIAL OR STERNAL EXTREMITY: with a joint surface for the sternum LATERAL EXTREMITY OR ACROMIAL: with a joint surface for the acromion of the scapula.
   • scapula
     • Flat bone, located at the top,back and side of the toraxic box
       • ANTERIOR FACE (subscapular fossa): with two triangular surfaces towards its medial border
         • UPPER SIDE:
           • SUPRA AND INFRASPINOUS: they comunicate with each other by the lateral border of the spine of the scapula
           • INFRASPINOUS PIT: divided by a longitudinal ridge
           • At the lateral end of the scapular spine (acromion of the scapula), UPPER FACE, LOWE FACE (ON THE ELBOW JOINT), lateral border, medial border (with a joint facet for clavicle).
             • MEDIAL BORDER: with its upper and lower oblique ends. LATERAL BORDER: infraglenoidea surface, with infraglenoid tuber. UPPER BORDER: notch of the scapula.
               • UPPER ANGLE: union of medial and superior border. LOWER ANGLE: union of medial and lateral border. LATERAL ANGLE: with the coracoid process and the glenoid cavity.
                 • CORACOID PROCESS: located between the glenoid cavity an the notch of the scapula. GLENOID CAVITY: of major axis vertical and attached to the body of the scapula (neck of the scapula)

2. Arm bones

   • humerus
     • long bone, with a diaphysis and an epiphysis.
       • DIAPHYSIS: triangular prism. *anterolateral face: deltoid tuberosity. *anteromedial face: roughness (coracobrancheal muscle). *posterior face: groove for radial nerve.
         • LATERAL AND MEDIAL BORDER: the intermuscular walls are inserted. ANTERIOR BORDER : delimits downward with the coronoid fossa.
           • UPPER EXTREMITY
             • UPPER AND MEDIAL: humeral head. LATERAL: major tuberculum. FORWARD AND MEDIAL: minor tuberculum. INTERTUBERCULAR GROOVE: between the two tubers.
             • LOWER EXTREMITY
               • medially humeral trochlea, above it: epitroclea. LATERALLY: humeral section, above: epicondyl. BETWEEN THEM: capitulotroclear channel. ABOVE THE TROCHLEA: coronoid fosita. ABOVE THE RADIAL SECTION: radial fossa. ABOVE AND BEHIND THE TROCHLEA: olecranon fossa.

3. Bones of the foream

   • radius
     • The radius is a long bone in the foream. ir lies laterally and parallel to unla.
       • ELBOW JOINT: articulation between the head of the radius an the capitulum of the humerus. PROXIMAL RADIOUNLAR JOINT: articulation betwen the radial head, and the radial notch of the unla. WRIST JOINT: articulation between the distal end of the radius and the carpal bones. DISTAL RADIOUNLAR JOINT: an articulation between the unla notch and the head of the unla.
         • PROXIMAL REGION OF THE RADIUS: *head radius, *neck, *radial tuberosity
           • SHAFT OF THE RADIUS: its triangular in shape, with three borders and tree surfaces, in the middle of the lateral surface, there r is a small roughening for the attachment of the pronator teres muscle.
             • DISTAL REGION OF THE RADIUS: the radial shaft expands to form a rectangular end. in the medial surface there is a concavity called the unlar notch, which articulates with the head of the unla, formin the radiounlar joint.
   • Unla
     • The unla is a long bone in the foream. it lies medially and parallel to the radius, the second of the foream bones. the unla acts as the stabilising bone, with the radius pivoting to produce movement. The unla articulates with the humerus at the elbow joint
       • PROXIMAL PORTION OF THE UNLA: *olecranon *coronoid process *trochlear notch *radial notch *tuberosity of unla.
         • SHAFT OF THE UNLA: the unlar shaft is triangular in shape, with three borders and three surfaces. THREE SURFACES: *ANTERIOR: site of attachment for the pronator quadratus muscle distally. *POSTERIOR: site of attachment for many muscles. *MEDIAL: unremarkable. THREE SURFACES: *POSTERIOR:palpable along the entire length of the foream posteriorly. *INTEROSSEOUS: site of attachment for the interosseous membrane,which spans the distance between the two foream bones. *ANTERIOR: unremarkable.
           • DISTAL PORTION PF THE UNLA: the unlar styloid process. The head articulates with the unlar notch of the radius to form the distal radio-unlar joint.

4. Bones of the hand

   • phalanges
     • The phalanges are the bones of the fingers. the thumb has proximal and distal phalanx,while the rest of the digits have proximal, middle and distal phalanges.
   • metacarpal
     • MATACRPAL I: thumb METACARPAL II: index finger METACRAPAL III: middle finger METACARPAL IV: ring finger METACARPAL V: little finger.
   • carpal bones
     • PROXIMAL ROW (lateral to medial) *scaphoid *lunate *triquetrum *pisiform DISTAL ROW: *trapezium *trapezoid *capitate *hamate