Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Nutrition
- Intro to
nutrition
- Common
Feedstuffs
- Grass (rygrass,
timothee) -
forage
- Legumes-
forage
- Cereals- cereal
grains are
concentrates
- Maize
- Roots/
tubers
- Brassicas-
forage
- Proximate
Analysis
- 1- take food sample and
dry at 80-100 degrees-
remaining sample is
they Dry Matter
- 2-Kjendahl
procedure
removes crude
protein 6.25 x N
- 3-Ether Extract
(removes fats and
lipids)
- 4-Boil in acid/
alkali= Crude
fibre and ash
- 5- burn at 550 =
Ash vs Crude
Fibre
- Nitrogen free extract
(Dry matter- ash-crude
protein-Crude fibre-
ether extract) = soluble
carbohydrates
- Uses
- Crude Protein=
maintanence/ growth/
activity/ pregnancy
will be most expensive
- Protein Quality
- Biological Value=
Protein Quality the bigger the better
- MFN= metabolic faecal
nitrogen- N excreted
irrespective of nitrogen
intake (dead cells/ bacteria
etc.)
- EUN- endogenous
urinary nitrogen
represents N involved
in maintenance in the
body
- BV= N intake- (faecal
N- MFN) - (Urinary N-
EUN)/ N intake -
(faecal N- MFN)
- Crude Fibre= cellulose,
hemicellulose, pectin,
ligning important in
ruminant function and
GI motility in non
ruminants
- Ash= minerals
- EE= fats, oils or fat
soluble vitamins.
source of energy
- Nitrogen Free
Extract-
soluble
carbohydrates
- Digestibility = DM
consumed- DM
excreted/ DM
consumed
- Ruminant
Nutrition
- Digestion of
carbohydrates/
Fibre
- Typical carbohydrates & Fibre
in rumen diet: Cellulose/
Hemicellulose/ Starch/ Soluble
Sugars/ Lignin
- Crude Fibre split into
Neutral Detergent
Fibre and Acid
Detergent Fibre
- Neutral Detergent-
structural components of
plant, slowly digested.
Increase NDF decreases
voluntary food intake
- Acid Detergent Fibre- least
digestible components e.g.
lignin, often excreted poor
energy source
- Fermentation
- Straw/
Fibrous Hay:
Cellulose
- VFA in
the
rumen
Anmerkungen:
- LOTS OF ACETATE
bacteria that produce acetate are very sensitive to pH changes,
acidosis or high fat diets will struggle to digest cellulose
- Glucose
formation/
Enter Krebs
cycle
- Lush
pasture:
Hemicellulose
- VFA
- Glucose/
Enter Krebs
Cycle
- Potatoes/
Beet:
Starch
- VFAs
Anmerkungen:
- lots of propionate
bacteria that do this are more tolerant so could feed even if pH was quite off
- Glucose/
Enter Krebs
Cycle
- Molasses=
Sugars
- Direct to
glucose very
fast
- What happens
to volatile fatty
acids produced?
Anmerkungen:
- must be absorbed quickly to avoid rumen acidosis
- Acetate- 60-70%
increases with
roughage in diet
important determinant
of milk fat content
- Converted to
Acetyl CoA can
enter krebs
- 10 ATP
per mole
- Butylrate -stays
pretty constant
10-15% provides
papillae of rumen
with energy
- Converted to
Acetyl CoA can
enter Krebs
- 25 ATP
per mole
- Propionate 15-20%
increase with
concentrate important
for lactose in milk
- convert to OAA
either
gluconeogenesis
or used in krebs
- 18 ATP per mole
- absorbed across rumen
wall and transported to
liver for gluconeogenesis/
lipogeneis/ other
processes
- Protein
- UNDEGRADED DIETARY
PROTEIN- this protein is not
degraded by rumen
bacteria, instead continuous
through tract and digested
in the abomasum
- RUMEN DEGRADABLE
PROTEIN- broken
down by microbes for
growth
- MICROBIAL
PROTEIN- microbes
pass into abomasum
and are digested
- NON PROTEIN
NITROGEN-
ammonia converted
into microbial crude
protein
- if there is insufficient
protein in diet, ammonia is
returned to rumen to
increase microbial crude
protein
- Lipids
- Little digestion in rumen-
avoid long chain fatty acids
since too many inhibit rumen
microbes
- saturated in rumen
then hydrolysed by
lipases in small
intestine
- Forage should
be 60%,
Concentrates
40%
- RUMEN DIET
- Voluntary feed
intake 3% BW
per day
- Total Mixed
Ration
- Mix of forage
and
concentrate
- More Effective
Digestion since
decrease in rumen
pH fluctuations
- GROSS
ENERGY= total
energy in food
- DIGESTIBLE
ENERGY- Gross
energy-
undigestable food
- METABOLISABLE
ENERGY- Digestible
energy- losses in
methane and urine
- Net Energy=
Metabolisable -
Heat Lost
- Fermentable
metabolisable energy=
proportion of organic
matter fermented
- Effective Rumen
Degradable Protein-
microbial requirement
for protein
- Must balance FME and ERDP-
to avoid excess aid in rumen
must have enough fibre and
sufficient protein for
breakdown
- aim for 16%
crude protein
in diet
- DIET
PROBLEMS
- ideally diet would provide
lots of energy that would
be digested quickly but
this can cause problems
- 30% NDF promotes
rumination and good
rumen health but much
slower energy release
- concentrates are higher in
energy but produce lots of
proionate which irritates
acetate releasing microbes.
acetate decreases which is
needed to maintain milk fat
- Too much protein-
excessive
deammonation
decreases liver
function and
fertility
- Too much fat
will decrease
appetite and
decrease milk
fat content
- NEONATES
- Osophageal groove-
closes when drinking for
hunger not thirst,
bypasses rumen and
omasum
- Abomasum- clot forms due
to pH when milk is ingested.
The clot is made of renin and
pepsin but is digested by
lipase and protein. whey
made of lactose moves to the
SI
- Milk Replacers-
More that 22 %
protein, more
than 20% milk
- 500-1000g
growth a
day
- Rumen
Development
- give ad lib water to
encourage bacteria
to set up in rumen
- Feed concentrates-
allow microbes to
respire
anaerobically
- Ferment carbohydrates
and protein release
propionate vital for
rumen papillae
development
- Small
Animal
Nutrition
- Factors
affecting
nutrition
- animal factors
- diet
- feeding methods
- owner
- communication
of vet with
owner
- growing young
animal most
important stage
for good nutrition
- greatest
impact on
health
- feeding practices
between owner and
pet formed early on
and difficult to
break
- Energy
Requirements
- Basal energy - keep
metabolic activity
ticking over
- resting energy
requirement-
based on
bodyweight
- maintanence
requirements- 1/1.2 x
RER for normal
activity
- Food
Componants
- carbohydrates-
energy source
and fibre
- protein- amino acid
source for structural
and functional roles
- lipids- high energy source and
lipid soluble vitamins
- Types of food
- Conventional
commercial- you
get what you pay
for
- non-
conventional
niche foods like
vegetarian-
owner driven
- home made- vet
formulated- should be
fine specific to health
problems etc
- home made
concocted-most
incomplete
- BARF- bones and raw food.
doesn't account for
domestication and evolution/
may be low in calcium/
bacterial contamination
zoonotic risk
- Monogastric
Nutrition
- Horses
- Hindgut
fermenters
- no microbial
protien
- huge caecum very
important on right
hand side
- Feeding
- 1.5/2% body
weight in
forage
- BW/100 x1.5= DM
requirement per day
in kg
- BW/100 x 3.34
energy
requirement in
Mcal per day
- pigs
- caecum on
other side
- glandular and
non-glandular
regions
- chickens
- proventriculus and
ventriculus, crop
stores food. paired
caeca
- layers- need a lot
of calcium in diet
- broilers- need low
body fat but high
muscle content- focus
on energy and protein