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Erstellt von david almeciga
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Biochemistry
- 1.chapter, Enzymes-disease
- Metabolic fuel
- Elucidation of metabolic pathways
- ARE DERIVED FROM
- -Carbohydrates- Fats -Proteins
- Oxidation
- synthesis
- ATP
- ATP
- synthesis
- Oxidation
- -Carbohydrates- Fats -Proteins
- The study of this metabolism is
allowed to characterize many
diseases where cell function is
working poorly
- Thanks to this has been able to
explain some clinical and
pathological situations where
enzymes play an important
role for organs and tissues
- The illness + Metabolic
- In 1908 Archibald Garrod
- Determined the diagnosis on diseases caused by absence of
enzymes
- Brings serious consequences like phenylketonuria, affects
1 of every 10000 humans
- Diagnosis of an inherited metabolic disorder may involve measuring the activity of a given enzyme in a
sample taken from accessible tissue such as blood cells
- In the metabolic pathway shown in Scheme 1, product X is synthesized from substrate A by a series of
enzyme catalyzed reactions. Furthermore, A can be metabolized to Z by a minor route, so that usually
only a small amount of Z
- In the metabolic pathway shown in Scheme 1, product X is synthesized from substrate A by a series of
enzyme catalyzed reactions. Furthermore, A can be metabolized to Z by a minor route, so that usually
only a small amount of Z
- Brings serious consequences like phenylketonuria, affects
1 of every 10000 humans
- In 1908 Archibald Garrod
- The illness + Metabolic
- Thanks to this has been able to
explain some clinical and
pathological situations where
enzymes play an important
role for organs and tissues
- Elucidation of metabolic pathways
- Jaundice
- is due toExcessive amount of bilirubin
- Macrophages phagocytes Metabolizes hemoglobin and
forms bilirubin
- If it rises to 0.5 mm or more it is jaundice
- Frequent in bone marrow,
- Spleen
- Liver
- Import metabolic reaction catalyzed
by a specific transferase enzyme
- Frequent in bone marrow,
- If it rises to 0.5 mm or more it is jaundice
- Macrophages phagocytes Metabolizes hemoglobin and
forms bilirubin
- Skin and whites of the eyes turn yellowish A newborn can
present the symptoms of this disease since the enzyme
transferase does not develop from birth
- is due toExcessive amount of bilirubin
- Metabolic fuel
- FREE RADICALS
- Decompose pathogens and kill foreign organisms
- Molecular entities containing
unpaired electrons which makes
them reactive This unpaired electron
makes the molecule a reactive
species Can be stabilized by donating
or removing electrons from other
molecules New radicals are generated
and thus a chain reaction is made
- Causal agent of diseases such as
- Cancer
- inflamatory bowel disease
- kwashiorkor
- myocardical infraction
- parkinson’s and disease rheumatoid arthritis
- Cancer
- Macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes are phagocytic cells which are
involved in inflammation and infection Use free radicals as part of the
body's defense mechanism The high activity of these free extracellularly
free radicals and cause tissue injury
- Highly
reactive
hydroxyl (OH)
- Attacks biological molecules and initiates
chain reactions and damages cell
membranes and DNA thus increasing the risk
of developing cáncer
- Attacks biological molecules and initiates
chain reactions and damages cell
membranes and DNA thus increasing the risk
of developing cáncer
- Superoxide (O) less toxic
and are generated by
metabolic reactions
- Involve electron-controlled motion So The
mitochondria reduces the oxygen through the chain
of transport of electrons of the water which is made
through the action of an enzyme
- Involve electron-controlled motion So The
mitochondria reduces the oxygen through the chain
of transport of electrons of the water which is made
through the action of an enzyme
- ANTIOXIDANTS
- Cells and tissues have a number of protective
mechanisms to combat free radicals and eliminate
them called the antioxidant defense system
- Can restrict the damage of these to
the cells it is claimed that
antioxidants can cure such diseases
- Can restrict the damage of these to
the cells it is claimed that
antioxidants can cure such diseases
- Glutathione (GSH) protects
proteins and membranes
against free radical attack
- Enzimes
- In the cell the enzyme
superoxide dismutase
removes superoxide by
catalyzing its conversion
into (H 2 O 2) which is
removed by catalase
- Peptides
- Vitamins
- Vitamin E
(tocopherol)
- Liposoluble antioxidant capable of preventing chain reactions, thus
avoiding irreparable damage to the membrane Acts by the
protection against oxidation of beta carotene lipoproteins (Protects
against heart disease and reduces the risk of various types of
cancer )
- Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
- Acts as cofactor in
hydroxylation reactions
related to collagen
biosynthesis
- Cells and tissues have a number of protective
mechanisms to combat free radicals and eliminate
them called the antioxidant defense system
- Decompose pathogens and kill foreign organisms
- Diabetes mellitus: A catabolic disease
- is
- Inability to control blood sugar levels
- Disease
- Hyperglycemia
- Liever
- In creased glucose production
by the liver and reduced
absorption by muscle and
adipose tissue
- generate
- Improves osmotically the excretion of water and stimulates thirst, giving the clasic symptoms of the disease
- Improves osmotically the excretion of water and stimulates thirst, giving the clasic symptoms of the disease
- generate
- In creased glucose production
by the liver and reduced
absorption by muscle and
adipose tissue
- Kidney
- The filtered glucose is normally completely reabsorbed, but
when blood glucose levels of 10mM are exceded,
reabsorption becomes satured and glucose appears in the
urine
- The filtered glucose is normally completely reabsorbed, but
when blood glucose levels of 10mM are exceded,
reabsorption becomes satured and glucose appears in the
urine
- Liever
- Hyperglycemia
- Diagnostic test
- Bliid sugar measurement
- Is performed
- After two hours of eating carbohydrates
- After two hours of eating carbohydrates
- Is performed
- Bliid sugar measurement
- Characteristics
- High glucose leaves above
- High glucose leaves above
- Hormones involved
- insulin
- Reduces blood glucose and its
storage as glycogen, aslo inhbits the
production of hepatic glucose by
glocagon
- In diabetes there is ambalance of these hormones
- In diabetes there is ambalance of these hormones
- Reduces blood glucose and its
storage as glycogen, aslo inhbits the
production of hepatic glucose by
glocagon
- Glucagon
- Increase of glucose in blood by its
action on the liver, stimulating the
degradation of glycogen and
potentiating the glocogeonesis of the
proteins
- Increase of glucose in blood by its
action on the liver, stimulating the
degradation of glycogen and
potentiating the glocogeonesis of the
proteins
- insulin
- Insulin deficiency
- process
- Insulin is anabolic and that coordinates the metabolic
processes in a number of body tissues
- generate
- A rapid mobilization of fatty acid from
adipose tissues, which are absorbed by the
liver and converted into ketosis in large
quantites accurs in terminal stoges of
diabetes when gloconeogesis is also
increased
- The glucose of the aminoacids is
synthesized to begin the loss of urinary
excretion and to maintain higt levels of
sugar in blees so that glucose is used in the
absene of insulin
- The glucose of the aminoacids is
synthesized to begin the loss of urinary
excretion and to maintain higt levels of
sugar in blees so that glucose is used in the
absene of insulin
- A rapid mobilization of fatty acid from
adipose tissues, which are absorbed by the
liver and converted into ketosis in large
quantites accurs in terminal stoges of
diabetes when gloconeogesis is also
increased
- generate
- Insulin is anabolic and that coordinates the metabolic
processes in a number of body tissues
- process
- consequences
- The excretion of ketone bodies in
the urine represents waste of
energy, loss of cations, blood loss
pH, diabetic coma that can cause
death
- The excretion of ketone bodies in
the urine represents waste of
energy, loss of cations, blood loss
pH, diabetic coma that can cause
death
- Types of diabetes
- Neonatal
- Insulin- dependent diabetes millitus, IDDM
- Children and youth
- Can be generated for
several years and the cell
b of the pancreas destory
so that no insulin is
produced
- The treatment is the application of insulin
- Diet and drugs sulfurine-lureas
- Diet and drugs sulfurine-lureas
- The treatment is the application of insulin
- Can be generated for
several years and the cell
b of the pancreas destory
so that no insulin is
produced
- Children and youth
- Insulin- dependent diabetes millitus, IDDM
- Middle ages
- Non insulin- dependent diabetes
millitus, NIDDM
- Normal insulin levels
- Hormone-sensitive cells that cause receptor malfunction
- Less serious, more common
- Less serious, more common
- Hormone-sensitive cells that cause receptor malfunction
- Normal insulin levels
- Non insulin- dependent diabetes
millitus, NIDDM
- Neonatal
- Disease
- Inability to control blood sugar levels
- is
- Atherosclerosis
- is a disease that causes hardening and narrowing of the arteries
- Coronary Arteries - Feed the Cardiac Muscle
- Can produce a heart attack (it is the leading cause of death in Western societies)
- 4. Is due to the thickening of cholesterol deposits in the arterial wall
- example
- Cholesterol is a lipid molecule, an essential element for plasma menbranas
and for the synthesis of bile salts by the liver and steroid hormones
- By their insolubility have to be transported by the
blood as proteins called low intensity lipoproteins
(LDL)
- The L D L particle is a sphere with a single hydrophobic
protector called apoprotein B embedded in a nonpolar
cholesterol core, which is bound to long chain fatty acids to
form cholesterol esters.
- LDL
- The thickening of the walls is
associated with particles originating
from LDL
- Has fatty acids where saturated
polium is found that it is attacked
by oxygen where free radicals are
formed
- When LDL is oxidized it produces
elements that can be toxic to the
walls of the arteries
- LDL
- The L D L particle is a sphere with a single hydrophobic
protector called apoprotein B embedded in a nonpolar
cholesterol core, which is bound to long chain fatty acids to
form cholesterol esters.
- By their insolubility have to be transported by the
blood as proteins called low intensity lipoproteins
(LDL)
- example
- 4. Is due to the thickening of cholesterol deposits in the arterial wall
- Can produce a heart attack (it is the leading cause of death in Western societies)
- is a disease that causes hardening and narrowing of the arteries
- liver disease
- liver disease
- metanol in the liver is mateabolized in two ways
- cytochrome P-450
- oxidize the etanol
- oxidize the etanol
- Enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
- cytochrome P-450
- treatment
- is a complex treatment
- since licor generates dependency
- is treated with disulfram as form of aversion theraphy
- disulfiram inhibits the ALDH by making the liquor somewhat unpleasant when consumed
- disulfiram inhibits the ALDH by making the liquor somewhat unpleasant when consumed
- is treated with disulfram as form of aversion theraphy
- since licor generates dependency
- is a complex treatment
- metanol in the liver is mateabolized in two ways
- liver disease
- anger: a usurper of intestinal metabolism
- mecanisms of action
- the vibrios colonize,adhere and secrete an exotoxim called cholerajen
- this alerts the metabolism of mocous cells
- and then toxin afects other tissuses
- and then toxin afects other tissuses
- this alerts the metabolism of mocous cells
- the vibrios colonize,adhere and secrete an exotoxim called cholerajen
- BACTERIUM:
vibrio cholerae
there was time
when tha
bacterium
caused
considerable
anatomical
damage to tha
intestinal
ephitelium
- is developed in places with poors sanitacion
- is contracted by drinking water
- is contracted by drinking water
- treatment decreased
tetracyclina
- is a unfectious
- mecanisms of action
- Bibliographies
Medienanhänge
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