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Vaccination

A person who has been vaccinated has been given artificial immunity.

A vaccination is the deliberate exposure to antigenic material to provoke a response from our immune system

it can be a dead or inactive pathogen, a harmless toxins or a preparation of antigens from a pathogenic organism.

Herd vaccination is the percentage of people needed to vaccinate to completely wipe out a particular disease. (this is useful when talking about the risk of certain diseases)

Ring vaccination is used when there is a new disease in the area. After this ring vaccination involves vaccinating all the people in a local area.

Future threats

Happens when there is a mutation and therefore the current vaccinations are ineffective

influenza is a killer virus that affects the respiratory system. It is constantly mutating and in 1918, 40million people died from a new strain of influenza flu.

scientists use epidemiology to predict what strain of flu will come next and then try and HERD VACCINATE all the people needed.

Active and passive

natural Artificial

passive Antibodies provided to baby via placenta or breast milk Immunity provided by injection of antibodies.

Active Immunity via antibodies made in the immune system due to an infection. Immunity provided by injection of pathogens to

stimulate an immune response.

Finding new drugs

why?

New diseases are coming all the time.

Diseases that still don't have cures

Antibiotic treatment has become ineffective due to SELECTION PRESSURE, evolution.

How?

by accident. e.g penicillin by Alexander Flemming

Traditional: e.g medicinal herbs etc.

observation: look at animals behavior e.g bears rub citrus oils on themselves to prevent parasites. elephants use clays to counteract dietary toxins.

Research: by looking at how thing react and work. e.g how pathogens work and so how to counteract them.

Also by trying new things: e.g aspirin was discovered by adding new chemicals and seeing what happens.... originally there were bad side effects so somebody added salicin to reduce side effects.

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