Period 1: 1491-1607

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The American Yawp: Ch 2: Colliding Cultures

I. Introduction

Columbian exchange transformed both sides of the Atlantic:

new food introduced- population boom in europe

entire civilizations killed- due to new diseases

Spain gained wealth from riches gained from Aztecs/Incans

Portugal,France,Netherlands,England race to new world to match spanish gains:

Native people welcomes newcomers and trade helped establish new settlements along coast

By the end of 1th century, Spain loses rival status

Age of colonization and collision of cultures begins

II. Spanish America

spain extended its reach to the Americas

expeditions began bringing Europeans to USA to establish religiou/economic dominance:

*Juan Ponce de Leon (1513) arrived FL, found Natives who were dieing, but no wealth

(1st 1/2 of 16th c.) spanish fought w/ Florida Natives and Europeans

(17th c.) Spains reach in America was roughly 1,000 sq miles

(1630s) mission reach extended to Apalachee tribes territory- agriculture centered indian tribe

Santa Fe(1610)- Euro. 1st permanent settlement in SW did not populate fast due to distance from Mexico City....

so Spain never achieved dominate presence in area, (1680) only about 3000 colonists to call N Mexico home- people traded w/ Puebloan people

missions became driving force for colonization in N America

III. Spain’s Rivals Emerge

While Spain explored new world, Europeans began competition, England/France began reigious and political conflict, millions died

but as violence deminished in europe, eigious and political conflict continued in the new world

The French

early french explorers sought NW Passage- waterway through N America to Asia

French settlements develpoed w/ the help of trading- french placed higher value on cooperation w/ Indians

Jesuit missionarieshad different strategies than spanish missionaries, often fur trders marriedindian women

Huron peopleclose relationship w/ French, some converted, these relationships had high cost w/ disease, etc.

still french on the "middle ground" great lakes area- adopted some indian customs while indians engaged in some european laws

The Dutch

Netherland, achieved considerable colonial success

dutch had better freedom rights than other euro. contries, so eligious freedom seekers went to the Netherlands

although they offered lberties, offered little democracy, slavery was essential to dutch capitalist triumphs

*Henry Hudson found hudson river and clamined modern-day NY

also dutch established carribean colonies and trade attacks

dutch adopted *Hugo Grotius (philospher) ideas of peaceful land distribution w/ Indians

dutch sought to profit, not conquer:

developed trading networks, settlements, and large plantations (which helped deterorate native relationships)

Labor shortages were met w/ slaves beginning in 1626

The Portuguese

Portuguese had been ahead of Columbus, but the wealth coming from spain, made the rivalry between the two contries the worst it had ever been

this rivalry started a crisis for the catholic world, causing the pope to dividethe new world w/ the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

w/ license to conquer both spain and portugal were told to treat natives with respect and convert them

IV. English Colonization

V. Jamestown

VI. New England

VII. Conclusion

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Native American Civilisations

Native American Civilisations (pre-Columbus):

The original discovery of North America at least 10,000 years before Columbus was born

(estimated: 40,000 yrs ago) native people settled in N America

the native peoples came across land bridge- Bering Strait thru AK down to all of the Americas

Evolved into 100s of tribes with distinct languages and cultures

20 language families w 400+ languages

Population estimates from 50-100 million people

Cultures of Central and S America

People mainly in 3 highly developed civilizations

300-800 AD Maya on Yucatan Peninsula

decline- 8-9th-century unknown reason Mayan cities were abandoned

specialties- build remarkable cities

agriculture- swampy lowlands, built raised platforms, surrounded by canals where they grew crops in forest, used slash/burn technique to create flat surface to plant crops built raised earth platforms, surrounded by canals, on which they could grow crops, dug canals through fields to irrigate crops

Same time as Aztecs- Inca, Peru, huge empire in S America

Aztecs-decline- Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortez

specialties- powerful empire, dominating central Mexico

agriculture- used Chinampas, artificial islands to farm crops

Incas

All highly organized societies, much trade, accurate scientific calendars, crops for stable food supply

Maize- Aztec & Maya, Potatoes- Inca

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Europe Moves Toward Exploration

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European Exploration

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Columbian Exchange

The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange: was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.

invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the Exchange.

changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations.

most significant immediate impact of the Columbian exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents.

Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people across Atlantic

Native mortality rate >90%, millions died, including entire tribal communities

Effects:

Americas-

Europeans-

Africans-

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European Settlements

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Native American/European Relations

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Period 1 Review

Key Concepts:

as natives migrated W over time they developed distinct and complex societies by adapting/transforming their environment

European/Native A/African contacts resulted in Columbian Exchange...

... which caused a change in social, cultural, and political exchanges globally and change in the way people lived their lives

Key Points:

U.S. today is a combination of people from around the world

Columbus made a lasting impact on the Americas

Columbian Exchange changed the way people lived/acted throughout the world

Spanish/Portuguese formed colonies w help of enslaved Africans/Indians

Natives resisted by maintaining the culture

French/Dutch followed soon after and later English too