Karteikarten
Extra-chromosomal genetics III
Karten in diesem Stapel (29)
- 1What are the 5 methods of non-meiotic prokaryotic DNA transfer? (C TT, Rko BF)Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
Recombination
Binary Fission - 2Which out of these methods allow HGT?C Tf Td
- 3What is the concept of a Mobilome?the Genes and GI that may move WITHIN a genome
AND
BETWEEN different individuals - 4How do chromosomal genomes tend to be passed down?Vertically from lineage to lineage
- 5By what 4 ways does HGT tend to be specific?C. Conj tends to be species specific.
Tf. Competent cells have mechs to select from related species.
Tf. Pro have "immune systems" to attack foreign DNA.
Td. Bacterial + Archael viruses tend to be specific.
(Conj, transd, transf, transf) - 6How does Haemophilus maintain specificity for uptaken DNA?Only uptakes DNA with an 11Bp signal sequence commonly found in Haemophilus species.
- 7How does Bacillus regulate its competence? (2)Only activates met pathways that express enzymes for DNA uptake when it senses nearby Bacillus via Quorum Sensing.
- 8What are Biofilms? How are they formed and how do they facilitate G.X?(3)MC aggregates
Cells may differentiate to perform spec. roles in this "tissue"
May facilitate G.X. by conjugation + transformation. - 9How do cells protect themselves from viruses and foreign DNA?Restriction/modification systems
CRISPR/Cas systems - 10How do restriction/modification systems work? Appetite Chomp Protection1. REase chomps DNA at spec. short sequences
2. foreign DNA cleaved at these sequences.
3. Host genome protected as its short sequences are methylated by MTase - 11What is the CRISPR/Cas system for?System for surviving viral infection.
- 12CRISPR/Cas MOA (3)Sampling
1. Host samples viral DNA, stores it into genome.
Complexing
2. Turns sequence into DNA and complexes it with Cas proteins.
Degradation
3. Guides complex to homologous sequences of DNA and degrades invader virus RNA. - 13What is an example of Eu extra-DNA?2um circle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- 14Features of this circle (2)No useful genes to organism
Can undergo HR within regions of homology of copies of itself. - 15How do cancer cells create amplified DNA?Creates circular regions of Chr DNA know as ECCDNA's or dmins (double minutes)
- 16What may they encode?May encode encogenes that drive cancer cell formation.
- 17Name an example of plasmid mediated conjugation in Eu.1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
2. Has a conj plasmid (Ti) allows conjugation to plant cells.
3. Ti transferred to cell nucleus, integrates into genome.
4. Encodes genes that drive proliferation of plant tissue
5. Lead to a crown gall tumour, an environment for A.tumefaciens to feed and survive. - 18Why is it suspected that conjugation has occured in Eu lineages?As there's recurrent HGT of anti-bacterial enzyme encoding tae genes which are of bacterial origin in eu lineages.
- 19Artificial transduction of mammalian cellsUsing modded adeno/retrovirus genomes
- 20Adenopropogated extra-chromosomally in nucleus
- 21RetroIntegrates directly into host cell genome
- 22How can S. cerevisiae cells be made competent (2)treat w/ Li acetate
PEG, DMS, and heat shock - 23Li acetatePrecipitates DNA onto surface of yeast cell.
- 24DMS,PEG heat shockincreases permeability of CM to uptake ex.DNA.
- 25What is transfection?Putting foreign DNA into mammalian cells
- 26Name 3 methods.Chemical e.g. Ca Phos. treatment
Electroporation
Glass microneedle injection - 27How long lasting can this DNA be? (2)Often maintained just transiently for a few cellular divisions
OR
May be randomly integrated into a chromosome - 28What did Carl Corren's mirabilis experiments show?That stem+leaf colour depended solely on the maternal lineage
Some extra-chromosomal factor was responsible. - 29Name 4 different receptacles of extra-chromosomal inheritance that may existchloro
mito
endosymbiont
prions
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- Der Nutzer hat seine Fachbereichs-Information gelöscht. Karteikarten am Extra-chromosomal genetics III, erstellt von Gelöschter Nutzer am 21/04/2018.
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- Gelöschter Nutzer · Apr 2018
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- Erstellt von J yadonknow · 11 Mär 2018
- Kopiert von J yadonknow · 21 Apr 2018
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