S3 THS

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S3 THS

1.1 Travel and tourism as an integrated discipline

-Tourism embraces nearly all aspects of our society

- Tourism is related to other academic subjects therefore it is necessary to integrate a number of subjects tot study tourism

-Subjects that helps us with the study of tourism :

History and Geography

- to understand more about the geographical and historical resources of a tourist destination

2. Marketing and business

-understand the promotion and marketing of the tourism products

3. Information Technology

to know the importance of the global distribution system and its effect on the tourism business

4. Religion and culture

-to provide information on the cultural resources of a destination and opportunities to develop it as a cultural destination

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-Tourism is a complex field of study because it includes a variety of discipline which are either directly or indirectly related to the understanding of tourism

1.2 History of tourism

-Purpose of travel during the Roman Empire period

1. For military, trade and political reasons

2. For communication of messages from the central government to its distant territories

3. For wealthy romans to go to seaside resorts for sightseeing purpose

-Purpose of travel during Middle Age period

1. For religious reasons

-Purpose of travel during the 16th century

1. To broaden their own experience and knowledge

-Purpose of travel during the 17th century

1. The sons and daughters of British aristocracy travel to improve their knowledge as to train them to become future administrators and political leaders.

-Purpose of travel during the Industrial Revolution period

1.Rich and fashionable Europeans travel for health

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During the 19th and 20th century

-19th century : railways were invented

-20th century : passenger aircrafts was invented

-1980 : boom years --> baby -boomers coming of age and has the money to spend

-1989 : Fall of the Berlin wall --> doom of communism in Europe --> Czech Republic and Russia became new attractions

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1.3.1 Concepts of “Travel”, “Tourism” and “Tourist"

-Travel : comprises all journeys from one place to another

includes all journeys made by people who enter a country

- Reasons why people enter a country :

For leisure

For work

For reside

For study

Just passing through a country without stopping

-Tourism

the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work

-Tourist

1.a person who travels to destinations outside his/her residence and working place

2.stays for at least 24 hours

3.for the purpose of leisure and business

for transit

-Excursionist

1.A person who temporarily visits a destination

2.stays for less than 24 hours

3.for the purpose of leisure and business

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1.3.2 Defining factors of tourism

1.Length of stay

2.Distance travelled

3.Purpose of visit

1.4.1 International tourism : involve trips to two countries

-International tourists : te who travel to a country other than the one in which they normally live

Examples : HK-->Japan

1.4.2 Outbound and Inbound tourism ( Forms of international tourism)

Tourist generating country A ---> Tourist receiving country B

- In Country A’s perspective , Person C is her outbound tourism

-In Country B’s perspective , Person C is her inbound tourism

1.4.3 Domestic Tourism: involves trips made by local residents within their own countries

Example : American in New York takes a business trip to Los Angeles

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1.5 Main Concerns of tourists

A.Personal Safety

-avoid places where wars are taking place or where there are threats from terrorists

-Find out the location of your hotel’s fire exit

B.Money and valuables

-buy traveler’s cheques to reduce the possibility of losing cash

-keep the traveler’s cheques , cash , credit cards in separate places

-put valuables in the hotel’s safe

-take good care of one’s travel documents

-keep a list of emergency telephone numbers

-make photocopies of one’s travel documents in case the original is lost.

C.Health

-find out whether the country that you are travelling to is a plague area and whether inoculation is necessary

-find out the sanitation condition of the country and whether if it is necessary to bring your own drinking water

-Bring one’s personal medication

-Be careful with what you eat.

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1.6 Tourist with special needs

A.Very Important Persons (VIPS)

1.Served with specially trained employees a in the departure and arrivals procedures

2.benefit from having special immigrations and customs check different rom that of normal passengers

B.Senior Travelers

1.provide special care for them , e.g : special meals

2. request for wheelchair or staff to assist them

C. Children

-provide special meals and toys

-for children that fly without adults , airlines will provide staff to take care of them

D.Disabled

-allows the blind to bring along the guide dog

-provide therapeutic air for the needy

-provide wheelchairs for those who need

E.Religious Travelers

-prepare special meals for them ( Jews,Muslims etc...)

-May ask for the direction of the aircraft so as to pray to a holy centre

-may ask for a praying room

F.Pregnant Travelers

-accept passengers with pregnancies up to 28 weeks

-need medical consent at check-in

G.Infant travelers

-equipped with special baby bassinets ,diapers and baby food

-may offer meet and assist service for passengers travelling with infant

H.Physical Challenge/Travelers/Travelers with disabilities

-accessibility

-mobility

-communication

-provide barrier-free services

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1.7 Forms of tourism

1.Leisure /Holiday Tourism]

-Relaxation

( destinations : attractive scenery , sun , sea and sand--> coasts , beaches , countryside etc.. )

-Sightseeing

includes the tourist who may travel around sightseeing and staying in different places

Main reasons : desire for self-education , for self-esteem

This kind of tourist : takes photographs , urban centres = most common destinations

2.Business Tourism

-Business travelers purpose of travel : trade,meeting,convention and exhibition

-they buy similar product as do other tourists

-would spend money on entertainment and creation

-Characteristics

*Travel to destinations which are not usually seen as tourist destinations

( e.g : London,Frankfurt,New York ,Hong Kong )

*Business travel is relatively price-inelastic ( cannot be encouraged to travel more frequently by the offer of lower prices)

*Not greatly affected by seasonal factors such as variation in climate or holidays

*take short but frequent trips to major business destinations

*require different services ( communication facilities, secretarial service)

*expect and receive higher standard of service

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3.Cultural Tourism

related to the transmission of knowledge and ideas of the destination area or host community

-tourists are curious about the experiences and cultures in various parts of the world --> travel to learn and experience the culture --> prime motivational force

-like to visit museums and attend musicals , theatrical or folklore performances

4.Eco-tourism

-this kind of tourist enjoy travelling to natural areas

-they minimise their impact on the environment

-protect the natural resources during their travel

-a force for conservation and preservation of nature

-managing authority of wildlife areas spend their income from tourists on conservation work of the area

-offer tour guides to educate tourists and modify their behaviour

5.Study Tourism

-travel to overseas learning / training centres for short or vacation courses

-local study tours ranging from 1 day to a week

6.Religious Pilgrimage

-people are motivated by their religious beliefs --> the demand for this kind of tourism is stable

-the destination have a long tradition

( e.g : Muslims --> Mecca , Jews --> Jerusalem )

6. Health tourism

18th century spas --> more visitors to centres of medical treatment

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7.Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR)

-they do consume food and beverages from the supermarkets used by they hosts and household consumption of other services is increases during their stay--> tourism

-popular VFR destinations in HK : Canada,USA,Australia ,China

8. Sports Tourism

-they may participate in sports ( skiing , mountaineering etc..)

-they may watch sports ( Olympic Games , World Cup Soccer)

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1.8 Tourist Attractions

-can be either natural or man-made

Attraction : a destination that pulls or entices a person to it.

Examples : Cultural , Natural,Events,Religious etc...

-The facilities and services such as hotels and restaurants + accessibility --. stimulating tourist flows

A.Natural Resources

-Climate

*tourists must be physically comfortable with the climatic conditions to enjoy their holiday

*Climate of the holiday must be attractive , people tend to be relaxed when it is sunny and clear

-Climate is important to tourism

1.Climate itself is an attraction

In Winter , people in Northern Europe are attracted to the warmer Mediterranean countries --> enjoy the sun

people travel to the Alps to ski ( sunny, clear and cold days attract tourists to spend their holidays there )

2.Tourist must feel comfortable whether they take part in passive or active activities

Travelling i hot , dry condition is more comfortable

A comfortable cold climate is determined by wind

( Temperature , Relative humidity , Wind are associated with human comfort )

-Natural features ( physical features and scenery )

classified into landforms , natural vegetation and wildlife

1.Landforms

*mountains and hills : clear and fresh air , winter sports , activities such as photography and hiking

*Coastlines : beautiful scenery of sun, sea and sand , activities such as surfing , swimming , diving and fishing

*River systems : activities such as swimming , canoeing

*Special natural phenomena : volcanoes , hot springs -- > impressive !

2.Natural vegetation and wildlife

*Observation of animals in their natural habitat

( safari parks, forests : tourists remain in their cars and drive through , watching animals and they hunt animals with cameras )

Examples :

Monkeys , birds in tropical rainforests in USA , Brazil

Bisons , Zebras in Savannas in USA

Pine forests in temperate forests in Europe

Wild horses in grasslands in Russia

Wolves and whales in tundra and polar regions in Alaska

*Hunting

-In Kenya and other countries of south africa --> wildlife safaris are popular

-rich people are willing to pay high prices for shooting

Why do tourists find natural resources attractive ?

1.Appreciate the natural wonders of the world

2.Pursue activities that require natural landscapes setting

3.To experience a non-urban way of life for a period

4.See wildlife in its natural habitat

5. Visit the countryside purely for the pleasure of looking at , being in rural landscapes

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B.Historic Attractions

-people have been interested in their past --> important attractions

-Each country and the various cultural groups within a country have a unique history

Examples of historic relics ,sites , museums and buildings :

1. Stonehenge in England

2.Auschwitz Concentration Camp run by Nazi Germany in Poland

3.Great Wall of China

4.The pyramids of Egypt

5.Taj Mahal

C.Cultural Attractions

-include cultural traditions and activities originating from the history and customs of people

1.Traditions ( e. g lion dancing )

2.Art ( e.g: paintings , sculptures )

3.Handicrafts

-sales of them are created because :

a. the demand of tourists to bring back a souvenir to remind them of their visit

b.the desire of many tourists to enhance their prestige among friends and relatives

4.Food

-people have to eat and enjoy eating -> t new food a novel experience enjoyed by many tourists

5.Music and Dance

6.Lifestyle

-represented by work , food , traditional celebrations , religion or language

Why do tourists find historic/cultural resources attractive ?

1.Tourists may be attracted by the age of ancient relics of their own cultural origins

- to look for their roots and to experience the culture of their own country

2. Tourists of different cultural backgrounds visit historic sites purely for the appreciation of the beauty of the art and architecture

3. Visitors may be attracted to buildings and places for their historical / cultural meaning rather than their visual appeal.

4.Tourist are interested in how other people live , work and play

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D.Religious Attractions

- Reasons to go : the curiosity of a tourist from another faith or the motivation/inspiration of the same faith

Examples : Catholics to Rome

Jews to Israel

Westminister Abbey in London

E.Built attractions and facilities

1.Architecture ( e.g : Golden Gate Bridge,Tsing Ma Bridge ,Sydney Opera House )

2.Theme and Amusement Parks ( e.g : Disney in Anaheim,Ocean Park )

3.Zoos ( Singapore Safari Park)

4.Aquariums ( Ocean Park)

5.Science museums (Science Museum of HK )

F.Special Events and Festivals

1.Sports events ( e.g FIFA , Rugby Sevens)

2.Arts and Culture ( e.g Cannes Film Festival )

3. Commercial Events ( e.g : Food festival , World Expo )

G. Leisure , Amusement and Sports

-Sunbathing

-Shopping

-Gambling

-Nightlife

-Skiing

-Hunting and Fishing