Karteikarten
3A - physical, cognitive, social development during infancy
Karten in diesem Stapel (41)
- 1Neonatal periodFirst 28 days after birth, critical time for physiological adjustments
- 2Effects of birth-Respiratory SytemFoetus is hypoxic during birth increased CO2
A fetus passed through birth canal, forces lung fluid from alveoli to upper resp tract and out
chest expands after birth drawing in air
increased CO2 levels stimulate resp centre in medulla causing inspiration - 3Effects of birth circulatory systemCord clamped after birth
pressures in left and right sides of the heart cause closure of connecting bv
more blood to lungs
oxygenation and increase pulmonary vascular resistance closes further blood vessel in heart - 4Resuscitation of new bornmost infants resuscitate themselves
lung inflation
struggle with first breath - need assistance
ventilation provided with bag and mask - 5Agpar scorescore indicate level of support newborn needs
score added overall
performed at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
0-3 severe asphyxia
4-6 moderate asphyxia
7-10 good adaptation - 6Newborn assessmenthead to toe
4 modes: inspection, percussion, auscultation, observation
general: measurements, skin, posture, body proportion, reflexes, movements, vitals, facial expression - 7Newborn reflexesprimitive reflexes are sign of delay in maturation of CNS
most disappear with maturation over first 3-4 months
needed for: food, safety, transition, grasping - 8examples of primitive reflexespalmar grasp, moro reflex, rooting, sucking, tonic neck, blinking, stepping, walking
- 9Newborn assessment tooldphysical: skin, ear, genitals, creases, breast, nipples, hair, oedema
neurological: posture, flexion of arms, wrists, feet, legs
behavioural characteristics: head lag, cry, colour - 10Brazalton neonatal behaviour assessmentperformed 24-36 hours of birth when clinical worried about neurological state
assesses: neuro development, reflexes, reactions
responses to stimulation/handling:
tone, skin colour, able to follow object, consolability, resistant to cuddling and clinging
low score- brain stress/damage
moderate score- parent taught to interact with infant - 11neurological posturerelated to age
developes cephalo-caudal direction
less than 30 weeks no tone, extension of all limbs
30 weeks - some flexion, feet, knees
34 weeks - thighs, hips flexed
36 weeks - upper limbs flexed
normal flexion indicates good muscle tone - 12New born neurological assessment abnormal movementstremors, jitters, convulsions, hyper-irritability, asymmetry of movement
- 13Newborn neurological assessment alertnessquiet sleep, semi-awake, alert and cooperative, fussing and uncooperative, crying, new borns sleep 16-17 hours of the dayy
- 14Measuring physical growthlength, height, head circumference, surface area, skin fold thickness, bone age
- 15Assessing growthaverage birth weight is 3.3kg
average length is 50 cm
average head circumference is 35 cm - 16Growth patterns and differencesappropriate for gestational age
larger than gestational age
smaller than gestational age - below 2500gm
low birth weight - below 2500gm
extremely low birth weight - below 1000gm - 17Patterns of sleepREM sleep decreases with age
usually pattern gains 4-6 weeks
should sleep more at night by 4 months of age - 18Types of sleepquiet - may suck, not REM
active - may smile and fuss
awake - drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying
alert periods -can imitate movements and emotions - 19Brain growthHuman brain at birth only 25% adult size
develops neurones, dendrites, axon terminals - 20Birth to 6 monthsphysical growth - doubles weight by 5-6 months, teeth may begin
Fine motor ability - grasp objects, mouthing objects
Gross motor - develops head control, standing supports much of own weight by 6 months
sensory - alert to high pitched noises, turns head to look at voices - 216 - 12 monthsphysical - growth slower, triples by 1 year
fine motor ability - bangs objects, may hold pencil
gross motor - crawls, sits alone
sensory - recognises own name, understand words such as no - 22Bonding after birthforming a connection is best between mother and baby
encourage involvement - 23Attachmentstrong emotional bond
infants develop attachment behaviour
tendency of young to stay close - 24Infant communicationbirth to 2 months - coos, babbles
3-6 months - laughs, cries
6- 9 months - talking, increasing vowel sounds
9-12 months - understand no, says dada mama - 25crying 3 typesrhythmic - steady pulsating- hunger, unhappy
mad - shrill, turbulent - anger, frustration
pain - long scream followed by silence - 26Types of playsolitary - infancy
parallel - toddlerhood
associative - pre-schooler
dramatic - pre -schooler
cooperative - school age child - 27Play during infancyplays alone
uses senses to grasp, touch, taste, manipulate - 28Toddlerhoodrate of growth slows in second year
displays independence and negativism
pride in new accomplishments - 29Growth 1-3 yearsphysical - anterior fontanel closes
fine - throws ball, self dress
gross - walks, runs, jumps
sensory - can focus well - 30Teeth eruptionregular sequence, varying timing, genetically determined
- 31Toddler communication 1-3 yearsverbal and non-verbal
imitates words, increasingly enjoys tallking, vocab of 1000 words in 3 year old, enjoys contact with others - 32Communicating with a toddleravoid telling toddlers about things too far in advance, allow to cry, use simple technology, comfort toddler
- 33play during toddlerhoodparallel play - social, play alongside others
- 34Effects of hospitalisation - four idenfied categoriesseperation, pain and injury, immobility ad loss of control, change in routine
reacts depends on:
age, preparation, previous illness, support, health professionals - 35seperation anxietyprotest - cries, screams
despair - sad, lonely
detachment - denail - interested and plays, responds to parents as strangers - 36Seperation anxiety protest phase - infantscries, scresm, attempts to escape
- 37Seperation anxiety - protest phase - toddleragitated, resist caregiver,s increasing age, regression
- 38seperation anxiety despair and detachmentdespair- occurs long term, withdrawn
detachment - appears happy, interacts with strangers - 39Pain and bodily injurycognitive development - pre-operational
concept of illness - external to child, cannot relate cause
play is important in this to help them deal and express feelings and emotions - 40Immobility and loss of controlaltered routines and restrictions, decreased opportunities, help them release hospital is not a punishment
- 41What can nurses do?family-centred care
talk, honesty of pain, play is important, communication and language important, talk to level of child's understanding
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- Beschreibung
- Der Nutzer hat seine Fachbereichs-Information gelöscht. Karteikarten am 3A - physical, cognitive, social development during infancy , erstellt von Gelöschter Nutzer am 15/06/2018.
- Erstellt von
- Gelöschter Nutzer · Jun 2018
- Aktualisiert
- 15 Jun 2018
- Aufrufe
- 19
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- Erstellt von Elizabeth Then · 14 Jun 2018
- Kopiert von Elizabeth Then · 15 Jun 2018
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