Chapter 3: Migration - created from Mind Map

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WHAT IS MIGRATION?

CYLIC MOVEMENT

PERIODIC MOVEMENT

MIGRATION

Movement within activity spaces.

Seasonal movement

Nomadism

Ex. Commuting to work, school etc.

Ex. Wealthy people from cold places in Canada and the Northern US travel to places where it's warmer.

Involves returning home, but still a long distance away.

Migrant Labor

Transhumance

Farmers move cattle and other livestock to pastures based on seasonal availability, and follow them there, living off the land as best they can.

Military service

Soldiers are stationed in far away places, but eventually return home.

Permanent relocation

2 Types: International & Internal

IRCA gave permanent residence to 2.6 million migrants that had been living in the US for a long time.

Ex. African-Americans internally migrated from the Southern states to the Northern states in the 1900s, enjoying their newly-acquired freedom.

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

Migration: Forced vs Voluntary

Forced Migration

PUSH AND PULL FACTORS IN VOLUNTARY MIGRATION

TYPES OF PUS AND PULL FACTORS

CONTRIBUTIONS TO MIGRATION: Political circumstances, armed conflict and war, & environmental conditions.

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES

CULTURE & TRADITION

Not always clear

Ex. Irish people migrating to the US in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Forced: They migrated because of public persecution and the potato famine. Voluntary: They chose to migrate to the US.

Ex. Atlantic Slave Trade: largest forced migration ever.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration:

The gravity model relates places to population size and distance, and gives us a guide to expected migration.

Step migration consists of a series of stages.

Every migration generates a return.

Most migrants move a short distance.

Migrants who move long distances tend to choose big cities.

Urban residents are less likely to migrate than rural residents.

Families are less likely to migrate internationally than young adults.

You must have a visa to be a legal immigrant.

Most migrants are in search of a better life.

Power relationships are common with migrant labor. Employers hire migrant workers who they think would work best for them.

Communication technology strengthens kinship links.

People are afraid their culture and traditions won't survive a major political transition, so they migrate.

WHERE DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

GLOBAL MIGRATION FLOWS

GLOBAL MIGRATION FLOWS

REGIONAL MIGRATION FLOWS

NATIONAL MIGRATION FLOWS

REFUGEES

See Fig. 3.11 (attached)

(For info on migration routes, see map attached)

Economic Opportunities

Reconnection of Cultural Groups

From an area of conflict to a safer area.

Paying-jobs are located in "islands of development, where a lot of migrants are concentrated.

Focus on reconnecting cultural groups across borders. Ex. Migration of Jews from Europe to Israel / Palestine.

Russia experienced an internal migration from west to east.

Russification - when the Soviet Union tried to transform all Soviet territory to Russian culture.

Some refugees are elgible for asylum, meaning they have the right to protection in the first country they arrive in.

The Middle East, especially Afghanistan and Iraq, generates the most refugees out of any other region in the world.

In the 1990's, the UNHCR reported a shocking amour of refugees in Europe, as a result of the collapse of Yugoslavia.

HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT MIGRATION?

LEGAL RESTRICTIONS

WAVES OF IMMIGRATION IN THE US

Many countries have laws about who can immigrate into the country. Often, the obstacles in the way of potential immigrants are legal, not physical.

Most of the immigrants in the 1800's and 1900's came from Europe, especially Scandinavia and Western Europe.

Now, the US has instated restrictive laws, quotas, and selective immigration.

After 9/11, the US cracked down on asylum seekers, and security with migrants and who gets in and out of the country.

FIELD NOTE: RISKING LIVES FOR REMITTANCES

Remittances are when migrants send money back home.

Reverse remittances are when the migrants ask for money from back home.

Chapter 3: Migration