What is permafrost?
Permanently frosty water surface
ground frozen for 2 or more years
a seasonal event: whenever the temperature drops below 0C
a stabilizing refrigeration technique for oil exploration at high latitudes
What causes glaciers to flow?
magnetism
centripetal force
tectonic force
gravity
geothermal heat
90% of Earthquake's epicenters located at
the center of tectonic plates
tectonic plate boundaries
Which of the following is NOT true of P-waves?
Result from compression of material in direction of travel
Travel the fastest, first wave to be recorded on a seismograph
Similar to sound waves
Travel through solids only
Which of the following is NOT a line of evidence for the theory of plate tectonics?
fossil/assemblages across oceans
seismic waves
continental fit
glacial striation at low latitudes (today)
paleographic reconstructions
Deep earthquakes form at which type of boundary
convergent
divergent
transform
none of the above
Metamorphic rocks can result due to what processes?
exposure to high temperature
exposure to water
exposure to high pressure
exposure to chemically active fluids
Fracture zones occur as a result of which type of boundary
tectonic
none of these
The photosynthetic rate and atmospheric temperature feedback is:
positive
negative
Rank the size of terrestrial carbon cycle reservoir: 1st ❌ 2nd ❌ 3rd ❌ 4th ❌
Weathering of sedimentary rocks formed from organic matter
ultimately returns CO2 to the atmosphere
ensues oxidation
is a fast process
Match with the appropriate depth: Crust ❌ Asthenosphere ❌ Mantle ❌ Outer Core ❌ Inner Core ❌
Complete the table
The accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter is the definition of which astronomical process?
aggregation
accretion
condensation
During the formation of the moon, the iron core of the impactor was incorporated into the Earth's core
The group of elements and chemical compounds with low boiling points that are associated with a planet's or moon's crust or atmosphere are:
refractory substances
water, methane, and ammonia
volatiles
The core is predominantly composed of
carbon
nickel
granite
hydrogen
iron
silver
The geomagnetic field is generated by
solar radiation
moon's gravitation pull
greenhouse gases
convection in the core
deep ocean currents
diverging plate boundaries
Magnetic stripes on the ocean floor are evidence of:
carbon cycling
magnetic field reversal
earthquakes
transforming plate boundaries
converging plate boundaries
carbon dating
Potassium & Argon dating
The crust closest to the divergent plate boundary will be younger older( younger, older ) where the crust further away will be younger older( younger, older ).
Which of the following are true due to paleomagnetism
Rocks at the equator will have a low angle
Rocks at the equator will form quicker
can determine the distance from the equator
steep angle at the poles
Ablation at the surface is a leading cause of mass loss in which ice sheet?
Antarctica
Greenland
The photosynthetic rate and atmospheric carbon dioxide feedback is
The carbon 13 and carbon 12 isotopic ratio is used to
determine the sulfur content of fossils
estimate atmospheric oxygen levels in the past
estimate rate of carbon burial in the past
determine the age of bones in your body
Which statement is TRUE about the origin of life on Earth
life could not have been delivered from outside of the Earth as there is no evidence for organic compounds from space
the origin of life could not have occurred at 100 degrees C as it is too hot for any kind of life to survive.
Theory and experiments demonstrate that organic compounds can be created from inorganic compounds via a chemical reaction.
the earliest life on the earth was probably some small plants
Which of the following are types of geologic evidence used to study the rise of atmospheric O2
paleosols
detritral pyrite
banded iron formations
detrital uranium
all of the above
Complete the residence time formula
❌ __________________ ❌
Complete the equation for ocean acidification:
❌ + ❌ ↔ ❌ ↔ ❌ + ❌ ↔❌ + ❌
Which of the following are used to calculate carbon flux?
Respiration
photosynthesis
burial
radioactive isotopes
magnetic strips
decay
weathering
oxygen minimum zone
Coriolis effect
Which was the first oxygenic photosynthetic organism was the
eukaryote
cyanobacteria
hematite
methanogens
single-celled fungi
Label the rock cycle
Complete the equation for silicate weathering ❌ + ❌ + ❌ ↔ ❌ + ❌ + ❌ + ❌
Carbonate precipitation ❌ + ❌ ↔ ❌ + ❌ + ❌
Complete the buffer reaction: ❌ + ❌ + ❌ ↔ ❌
A buffer reaction will cause a ❌ in pH in the ocean.
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