Karteikarten
Neoplasia Flashcards
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- 1NeoplasiaNew growth; the formation of clonal tumors by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells triggered by a series of genomic alterations and independent of physiological growth signals
- 2MetaplasiaDifferentiated cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Found in association with tissue damage/ repair/ regeneration (ex: smokers bronchi - ciliated columnar epithelium replaced by squamous metaplasia) - 3Pleomorphismvariable size and shape of cells/nuclei
histologic feature of malignant cells - 4DysplasiaPrecursor to cancer confined to epithelium by basement membrane
- 5Carcinoma in situdysplastic cells involving full thickness of epithelium but still confined by basement membrane; patient can still be cured by complete surgical excision
- 6Teratomarare benign tumor containing cells/tissues from more than one germ layer
- 7Hamartomabenign proliferation of cells indigenous to involved site (ie odontoma - toothlets)
Hamartoma of lung - 8Choristomabenign proliferation of cells in non-native site (ie small nodule of pancreatic tissue in submucosa of stomach)
- 9What four classes of normal regulatory genes are the principal targets of cancer-causing mutations?1. Proto-oncogenes (growth promoting)
2. Tumor suppressor genes (growth-inhibiting)
3. Genes that regulate programmed cell death/apoptosis
4. Genes involved in DNA repair - 10OncoproteinsMutant proteins that have gained function to promote cell growth independently of normal extracellular growth-promoting signals
(traffic light is always green) - 11Most commonly mutated proto-oncogeneRAS
- 12Most common mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway alteration present in 78-88% of ameloblastomasBRAF (BRAFV600E mutation - valine is substituted for glutamine at codon 600)
- 13MYC mutationOncogene that activates expression of many genes involved in cell growth
Can reprogram banal somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells
Upregulates telomerase in some contexts (Contributes to stem-cell like immortalization of tumor cells) - 14Abnormalities in tumor suppressor genes are characterized by __________-of-function mutationsLoss
Encode proteins that have lost function to regulate signal transduction pathways and other critical cellular functions - 15Restinoblastoma gene (RB)Governor of the cell. Regulates expression of genes necessary for dividing cells to pass through G1/S cell cycle checkpoint
- 16Knudson "two-hit" hypothesisWith tumor suppressor genes, both alleles must be mutated for all loss of function to occur (one allele can pick up the slack for its mutated counterpart)
explains why retinoblastoma has a hereditary pattern - 17Most frequently mutated gene in human cancersTP53 (guardian of the genome)
Central monitor of DNA damage and cell stress
Regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence, apoptosis - 18APCGatekeeper of colonic neoplasia (APC mutations present in 70-80% of colorectal carcinoma)
Tumor suppressor that downregulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway - 19Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)Cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by polyps caused by germline APC mutations
Risk of colorectal cancer approaches 100% - 20Enzyme whose activation causes apoptosiscaspase
activated either by mitochondrial or death receptor pathways - 21Follicular lymphomaa neoplasm that evades cell death
Characterized by overexpression of Bcl-2 via a specific chromosomal translocation - 22Result of translocation of the philadelphia chromosome t(9;22):Chronic myelogenous leukemia
- 23Xeroderma pigmentosumCancer predisposition syndrome characterized by impaired ability to repair UV-induced DNA damage
Abnormal cross-linking of pyrimidine bases prevents error-free DNA replication - 24Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC)Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome characterized by loss of DNA proof-reading
microsatellite instability-high (MSh2/mlh1) - 25Aflatoxin B1Fungal food contaminant that results in increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa and the Far East
- 26Warburg effectCancer cells use aerobic glycolysis generating just 2 ATP = inefficient pathway for energy production, but generates metabolic intermediates necessary for frequent cell division / synthesis
- 27Neoangiogenesisdevelopment of new blood vessels from previously existing capillaries; allow malignancies to enlarge (create its own blood supply)
accomplished by VEGF - Vascular endothelial growth factor - 288 hallmarks of cancerSelf-sufficiency in growth signals (Oncogenes - gain of function - green light)
Insensitivity to growth-inhibition (tumor suppressor loss of function)
Evasion of apoptosis (follicular lymphoma)
Ability to evade the host immune response (immune surveillance; immunoediting; downregulate T-cells)
Limitless replicative potential (immortality; upregulate telomerase )
Altered cellular metabolism (Warburg effect)
Sustained angiogenesis (blood vessel formation)
Ability to invade and metastasize (spread) - 29Cancer cachexiaprogressive loss of body fat and lean body mass, accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia and anemia
(TNF-A) - 30Eaton-Lambert syndromeSCLC, myasthenia-gravis-like symptoms but gets better with exercise and doesn't respond to Ach-esterase inhibitors, antibodies against presynaptic Ca channels
- 31Nephrotic syndromeLung, breast, stomach cancer. Diffuse membranous glomerulopathy
- 32Cushing syndromeSCLC, secretes ACTH, moon face, weight gain
- 33HypercalcemiaSCC lung, ectopic production of parathrelated peptide
- 34PolycythemiaRenal and liver cancer,
erythropoietin - 35Loss of function of E-cadherinBinds to B-Catenin / growth inhibition of epithelial cells
Familial Gastric Cancer (AD) -- (CDH1) - 36mechanism for tumor invasioninvade ECM
detach from E-cadherin and N-CAM
attach to matrix
degrade ECM (metalloproteinases and cathepsin D)
migrate
vascular dissemination
attach to another organ - 37tumor virusesacute transforming retrovirus = contains active oncogene
slow transforming retrovirus = inserts itself, does not have own oncogene - 38human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)has TAX protein, which increases survival and growth of infected cells, increases genomic instability
adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) - 39high risk HPV types16, 18 can cause invasive cancers
proteins E6 and E7 promote growth and proliferation of cancer - 40HPV E6blocks p53
stimulates temolerase expression
increased tumor proliferation - 41HPV E7blocks p21
blocks RB-E2F
increased tumor proliferation - 42EBV associated cancersBurkitt's & Hodgkin's lymphoma
nasopharyngeal cancers
CNS-Lymphoma in HIV - 43LMP-1EBV oncogenes
Activates signaling pathways for B-cell via CD40
Activates BCL-2 - 44Helobacter pylori and cancerlymphoma (MALT) due to chronic gastritis = polyclonal/monoclonal b cell proliferation
monoclonal cured by eradicating HP
carcinoma due to chronic gastritis = intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, takes decades, not seen w ulcers - 45CA-125Surface epithelial ovarian cancers
- 46PSAProstatic cancer
- 47AFPHCC, GERM CELL TUMORS OF TESTIS
- 48CEAColon cancer
- 49CA19-9Pancreatic cancer
- 50NMYC oncogene amplicationNeuroblastoma
- 51t(8:14)Burkitt lymphoma
- 52t(11:22)Ewing sarcoma
- 53IHC: CytokeratinEpithelial cancers
- 54Vimentinsarcomas: Mesenchymal cancers
- 55DesminRhabdomyosarcoma: striated muscle
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- Der Nutzer hat seine Fachbereichs-Information gelöscht. Karteikarten am Neoplasia Flashcards, erstellt von Gelöschter Nutzer am 25/02/2020.
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- Gelöschter Nutzer · Feb 2020
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