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Why do we study about communication?

Studying communication...

can improve self-knowledge and self-perception because most self-knowledge comes to us through communication.

can improve how we see others as communication is the way we meet others, develop and manage relationships and work effectively with others.

can increase our understanding of relationships.

develops important life skills such as critical thinking, problem solving, conflict resolution, team building, public speaking.

can help you succeed professionally. Creating strong oral and written messages, working well with others, managing your image, researching, analyzing and solving problems are key abilities employers look for.

helps you exercise your rights and become an effective citizen.

What is Communication?

"The transmission of message via verbal and non-verbal cues" - Ang (2004)

"It is dynamic, systematic or contextual, irreversible and proactive process in which communicators construct personal meanings through their symbolic interactions" - Wood (2004)

"It is the mutual exchange of information, ideas and understanding by any effective means" - Flormata - Ballesteros, (2003)

Process:

it is ongoing and always in motion, moving ever forward and changing continually

System:

it occurs within a system of interrelated parts that affect one another.

Symbol:

human communication involves interaction with and through symbols, which include all language and many nonverbal behaviors

Meaning:

heart of communication, they grow out of our interaction with symbols

content level of meaning is the literal or denotative, information in a message

Relationship level of meaning expresses the relationship between communicators

Communication is a systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings.

Communis

Noun meaning: common/sharing

Wanting to have a common sharing, common interest through communication.

Wanting to have something to talk about and to listen to from other people.

Showing interest

Communicare

Verb meaning: to make something common; to share the experience

Types of communication

Verbal Communication

use of words

It is also knows was linguistic aspect

It may be oral or written, formal or informal

The verbal element of communication is about the words that you choose and how they are heard and interpreted

Listening and speaking is always intertwined

making use of words in order to communicate with each other

Speaking:

face to face discussion

Speeches

Television Radio and telephone conversations

Seminars

Videos

Choice of words

Manner of delivery

Reinforcement with non-verbal communication

Writing

Emails, books, letters, magazines, newspapers, notes, faxes, announcements and commercials etc.

Effective verbal communication cannot be fully isolated in verbal communication

What will aid the process of verbal communication?

Clarity of speech (considering the audience)

Being calm and forward (being straightforward)

Being polite

Following some basic rules of etiquette (rules that are being applied)

Non-verbal communication

Not only what you see but also what you hear and the way of how people express themselves

Also known as extra linguistic aspect

Includes facial expression, the tone and pitch, the voice, gestures displayed through body language and physical distance

It gives clues and additional information and meaning to verbal communication

It is a combination of the implicit and explicit meaning of words

Non-verbal communication sometimes leads to misunderstanding and misconception

There is no language with fixed meaning. It is influenced and driven by the context in which it occurs (includes the place, people and culture)

There are instances where non - verbal communication can be very culture-specific

For example hand gestures have different meaning to other people from other places. With one hand gestures, different people have different definitions and experiences with the gesture. Having different perspective and cultures tend to mean different to other people

Thumbs up

Australia, USA, UK, Canada: satisfaction

Brazil: considered rude

Rock on

USA: rock on

Italy, Columbia, Portugal and Spain: your wife is cheating on you

Types of Non-verbal communication

Kinesics: it is used to emphasize what is being said

Includes the following:

Body language

Body movements

Gestures

Postures

Facial expressions

Hand and head movements

Oculesics: it deals with eyes span or eye contact

It establish interest, engagement, involvement attention

Three purposes

Helps to give and receive feedback

Helps you to know when it is your 'turn' to speak

Helps to communicate the relationship between people

Eye contact shows interest and if you are paying attention or not. Help you to give or return feedback

Paralanguage: it is the set of non-phonemic properties of speech that is used to communicate attitudes "how someone said, not what is said"

It includes:

Pitch

Toe/manner

Speed/rate/tempo

Volume

Pause

Stress

Gasps

Sighs

Proxemics: it is the spatial distance, and intimate relation, closeness between people, group or society

It includes the following:

Embracing

Touch

Whispering

Spartial Zones:

Intimates zone (0'-18")

Personal Zone (18" - 4')

Social Zone (4' - 12')

Public Zone (12' as far as one can see or hear)

Artifacts: it refers to the things a person carrier and it indicates the degree of importance or interest of a person conveys to an occasion.

It includes the following:

Dress

Hair

Make up

Jewelry etc.

Chronemics: refers to how we perceive and use time to define identities and interaction. We use time to negotiate and convey stats (Levine & Norenzayan, 1999)

Cultural attitudes

Length of time we spend with different people

Expectation of time

Tactilics: it is also known as touch or haptics; It can send positive or negative signals

In haptics, we should know that the following to be sure that we are not trespassing the territory of anyone:

Whom can you tough?

When can you touch?

How can you touch?

Effective communication skills

What do you mean by effective?

It means successful in producing a desired or intended result.

It is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messaging

What do you mean by skill?

It is the ability to do something

What do you mean by effective communication skills

effective communication skills are abilities you use when exchanging your thoughts, messages or information to produce an intended result by speech, visual, signals, writing or behavior

Importance of effective communication skills

Skills of an effective communicator

Skill 1: Become an engaged listener

Skill 2: Pay attention to non-verbal signals

Skill 3: keep stress in check

Skill 4: assert yourself

The 7 c's of communication

Completeness

Should include all the relevant information as required by the intended audience

Concreteness

The message should be clear and specific so that there will be no room for misinterpretation

It is often supported by data

Courtesy

It involves being aware of the perspective of others and their feelings

It is not merely being politeness but also applying socially accepted manners and concern for others

Correctness

The core is the proper grammar, punctuation, spelling, exact and well-timed

Includes:

Use the right level of language

Check the accuracy of figures, facts and words

Maintain accuracy

Clarity

You should consider the precision and familiarity of words

The message should be clear and easily understandable

Consideration

It means to consider the receiver's interest/intention, knowledge, mindset, background etc.

You should always keep in mind your target group

Focus on "you" instead of "I" or "we" but over use lead a negative reaction

Conciseness

It means to convey the message by using fewest words

Tips to achieve conciseness;:

Avoid wordy expressions

Include only relevant material

Avoid unnecessary repetition

Brief and shorter message helps retain the information

Barriers of effective communication

Physical barriers

Faulty organizational structure

Noise

Time and distance

Information overload

Semantic and Language barriers

Homophones (similar sounding words)

Homographs (words with multiple pronunciations)

Homonyms (words with multiple meaning)

Denotation and Connotation

Language barriers (different language, no clarity in speech, using jargons, not being specific etc.)

Social - psychological barriers

Attitude and opinions

Emotion

Filtering and distortion of message

Fields of experience

Group identification

Self - image

Status difference

Premature evaluation

Cross-cultural barriers

Language

Values

Social relation

Concept of time

Concept of space

Gestures

Organizational barriers

Loss or distortion of message as they pass from one level to another

Deliberate with holding of information from peers perceived as rivals

Information gap

Lack of communication policy

Authoritarian attitude

Poor authority and responsibility

The Elements of communication

Five essential elements of Communication

Sender

The source of the information or encoder of the message

Receiver

The recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message

Message

The information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions

Channel

Is the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or non-verbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed

Feedback

Is the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver

Process of Communication

Sender (Encoding)

The sender initiates the communication

The sender encodes the idea by selecting words, symbols, or gestures to compose a message

Channel

The message is the Outcome of the encoding

The message is sent through a medium or channel, which is the carrier of the communication

Noise

Noise is anything that distorts the message

Receiver (Decoding/Encoding

The receiver decodes the received message into meaningful information

Feedback

The feedback occurs when the receiver responds to the sender's message and returns the message to the sender

Models of Communication

Linear Models

The process is only one way

Proposed that communication is flowing in only one direction - from a sender to the receiver

Aristotle's model

Speaker - speech -occasion- audience - effect

Laswell's Model

Laswell (1948) described communication as a one-way process which one person acts on another person

It is called a transmission model as it assumes that communication is transmitted in a straightforward manner from a sender to receiver

It consist of five questions:

Who?

Say what?

In what channel?

To whom?

With what effect?

Shannon and Weaver's Model

Shannon and Weaver (1949) modified Laswell's model through adding the concept of noise

Noise refers to anything that interferes with the intended meaning of communication

Sender

Encoder

Channel (Noise)

Decoder

Receiver

Feedback

Berlo's SMCR Model

represents the process of communication in its simplest form.

SMCR stands for Sender, Message, Channel, and Receiver.

different components that form the basic process of communication.

this communication tool also emphasizes the coding and decoding of the message, it can be used for more efficient communication.

Interactive Models

These models posit that listeners

Schramm's Model

Schramm (1955) pointed out that communicators create and interpret message within personal fields of experience

Interlocutors understand each other more if their fields of experience overlap

Transactional Models

These models represent communication as a continually changing process. How people communicate varies over time and response to their history of relating

Culture

Complex collection

Link and give a common identity

Any social unit - whether a relationship, group, organization, or society

The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)

was created by Dr. Milton Bennett (1986, 1993) as a framework to explain the reactions of people to cultural difference.

he observed that individuals confronted cultural difference in some predictable ways as they learned to became more competent intercultural communicators.

The first three DMIS stages are ethnocentric, meaning that one’s own culture is experienced as central to reality in some way:

Denial of cultural difference

the state in which one’s own culture is experienced as the only real one.

Other cultures are avoided by maintaining psychological and/or physical isolation from differences.

People at Denial generally are disinterested in cultural difference, although they may act aggressively to eliminate a difference if it impinges on them.

Defense against cultural difference

the state in which one’s own culture (or an adopted culture) is experienced as the only good one.

The world is organized into “us and them,” where “we” are superior and “they” are inferior.

People at Defense are threatened by cultural difference, so they tend to be highly critical of other cultures, regardless of whether the others are their hosts, their guests, or cultural newcomers to their society.

Minimization of cultural difference

the state in which elements of one’s own cultural world view are experienced as universal.

Because these absolutes obscure deep cultural differences, other cultures may be trivialized or romanticized.

People at Minimization expect similarities, and they may become insistent about correcting others’ behavior to match their expectations.

The second three DMIS stages are ethno relative, meaning that one’s own culture is experienced in the context of other cultures.

Acceptance of cultural difference

the state in which one’s own culture is experienced as just one of a number of equally complex worldviews.

Acceptance does not mean agreement—cultural difference may be judged negatively—but the judgment is not ethnocentric.

People at Acceptance are curious about and respectful toward cultural difference.

Adaptation to cultural difference

the state in which the experience of another culture yields perception and behavior appropriate to that culture.

One’s worldview is expanded to include constructs from other worldviews.

People at Adaptation are able to look at the world “through different eyes” and may intentionally change their behavior to communicate more effectively in another culture.

Integration of cultural difference

the state in which one’s experience of self is expanded to include the movement in and out of different cultural worldviews.

People at Integration often are dealing with issues related to their own “cultural marginality.”

This stage is not necessarily better than Adaptation in most situations demanding intercultural competence, but it is common among non-dominant minority groups, long-term expatriates, and “global nomads.”