Warlord rule 1916-1920

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Achieved by government breaking down as opportunists appeared who seized power knowing that government incapable of stopping them.

Zhang Xun:

Took control of Shandong province.

Supporter of Manchus, represented his beliefs by wearing the traditional queue.

In 1917, had unsuccessful attempt to restore Pu Yi to imperial throne.

Yan Xishan:

Took control of Shanxi province.

Wanted to run separate province without conflict with neighboring provinces.

Was a strong military dictator and so was one of longest surviving warlords until 1949.

Made deals with GMD and CCP.