Variety of life, including variation among genes, species and functional traits

process that produces adaptations resulting from differential reproductive success among organisms in the same population

Characteristics that suit organism to their environment

Number of viable offspring produced during an organism's lifetime

Reproductive success of an organism relative to others in the same population

What are the conditions necessary for natural selection?

What are the three modes of natural selection

Industrial Melanism in peppered moths

Severe drought caused a drop in population and only large seeds were available and cracked by birds with large beaks. what kind of selection was this?

Give an example of a frequency dependent experiment

Phenotypic variation during an individuals lifetime caused by environmental variation

Test for phenotypic plasticity by Losos

Increases the frequency of genes from individuals with the highest fitness at expense of others

increases the fitness of other individuals at its own expense

Increases the frequency of genes from individuals with highest inclusive fitness

individuals fitness + relative's fitness

can live exclusively on inorganic sources of carbon, nitrogen, and other resources

use energy from sunlight to power metabolism, growth, and resource gathering

use preformed organic molecules as food

relationship between the benefit and cost of a trait in a different environment

what kind of morph occurs in area with heavy surf

what kind of morph occurs in areas with calmer waters

All life functions cannot be simultaneously maximized, leading to tradeoffs

an aquatic heterotroph that removes suspended particles from water

these feeders consume dead organic matter

active hunters of live organisms using speed/stealth

feed on a variety of species to obtain a balanced diet

evolution of increased efficiency of feeding on few species

total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for a species existence without the effects of other species

part of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies caused by interactions with other species

these animals keep a constant body temperature

their body temperature is a reflection of the environmental temperature

obtain their body heat from the environment (fish, amphibians)

Produce their own body heat by shivering, oxidizing brown fat

relatively long term response by an organism to environmental change

why is metabolic rate lower in winter acclimated fox?

what are some traits that decrease water loss in plants?

what are some traits that increase water loss in plants?

distribution of organisms in space at one moment in time

what are the types of dispersion?

compare home range to territory

what are the four functions of territory

What is the evidence for feeding hypothesis

Evidence for mating hypothesis

why are some animals territorial and others not?

When individuals live together in groups due to their mutual attraction for one another

Interactions among individuals in which all benefit

Why are some species social and others solitary

Study: Relations between flocking and predation in Starlings by Powell

What was the outcome of study on Merlins predation on sandpipers

The entire span of an organism from fertilization to death

Juvenile forms emerge from mother in adult like form

When offsprings begin in larval stage with metamorphosis into adult form

2 benefits of dispersal

2 costs of dispersal

no bonding, doesn't go beyond copulation. one night stand

one male mates and remains associated with one female

member of one sex mates and remains associated with more than one member of the opposite sex

One male mates and remains with more than one female

males set up large territories, allow female, but excludes other males

male follows the females around as they forage and drive off other males from their vicinity

Area where males assembles and stake out individual territories then females come and choose mates

One female mates with more than one male

The most common- females set up large territories and exclude other females

evolution of traits which may decrease an individual's chance of survival but increase its ability to acquire mates

a period of ritualized behavioral pattern before mating

Sexual dimorphism and its characteristics

Investment of time and energy towards offspring

Study of Nesting by Redwing Blackbirds in Marshes

A group of same species individuals living in a particular place

number of individuals in the population

Number of individuals per unit area in the population

two ways to measure population density

does population density INCREASE or DECREASE with body size?

why is population density relative to body size greater for mammals than birds?

study of the vital statistics of a population and how they vary with age

list of the vital statistics of a population

group of individuals in a population born about the same time

Proportion of individuals born that survives to age X

Average number of offspring produced by an individual of age X

Average number of offspring produced by an individual during its entire lifetime

Ave. age from when an individual is born to when its offspring are born

Age specific expectation of future reproduction

Practical application of Reproductive value(Vx)

change in the number of individuals per time unit

process when individuals share resources that are in short supply

model of population growth with intraspecific competition

study of how organisms are able to survive and function in their environment

capacity of an organism to survive or reproduce when subjected to stressful environmental factors

amount of energy used per time unit

study of catfish and salmon and why do catfishes acclimate better?

In what environment is r favored? what about k?

Scientific study of interrelationship between organism and their environment