Flashcards
Bis2B exam
Cards in this deck (93)
- 1Variety of life, including variation among genes, species and functional traitsBiodiversity
- 2process that produces adaptations resulting from differential reproductive success among organisms in the same populationNatural Selection
- 3Characteristics that suit organism to their environmentAdaptation
- 4Number of viable offspring produced during an organism's lifetimeReproductive Success
- 5Reproductive success of an organism relative to others in the same populationFitness
- 6What are the conditions necessary for natural selection?Phenotypic variation- variation in traits, different fitnesses, and phenotypic variation is heritable
- 7What are the three modes of natural selectionStabilizing, Directional, and Diversifying or disruptive
- 8Industrial Melanism in peppered mothsAccording to Kettlewell, Bird predation. the carbonaria moths blended in better during pollution so their frequency increased
- 9Severe drought caused a drop in population and only large seeds were available and cracked by birds with large beaks. what kind of selection was this?Directional selection
- 10Give an example of a frequency dependent experimentRare and common guppies were put in different pools. the predators had developed a search pattern for the common so the rare one increased thus creating polymorphism
- 11Phenotypic variation during an individuals lifetime caused by environmental variationPhenotypic plasticity
- 12Test for phenotypic plasticity by LososRaised lizards in cages with only narrow perches and they developed shorter legs and its stronger in females than males.
- 13Increases the frequency of genes from individuals with the highest fitness at expense of othersIndividual selection
- 14increases the fitness of other individuals at its own expenseAltruist
- 15Increases the frequency of genes from individuals with highest inclusive fitnessKin Selection
- 16individuals fitness + relative's fitnessInclusive fitness
- 17can live exclusively on inorganic sources of carbon, nitrogen, and other resourcesautotrophs
- 18use energy from sunlight to power metabolism, growth, and resource gatheringPhotoautotrophs
- 19use preformed organic molecules as foodheterotrophs
- 20relationship between the benefit and cost of a trait in a different environmentTrade-off
- 21what kind of morph occurs in area with heavy surfsteamlined morph
- 22what kind of morph occurs in areas with calmer watersbumpy morph
- 23All life functions cannot be simultaneously maximized, leading to tradeoffsprinciple of allocation
- 24an aquatic heterotroph that removes suspended particles from waterfilter feeders
- 25these feeders consume dead organic matterdeposit feeder
- 26active hunters of live organisms using speed/stealthpredators
- 27feed on a variety of species to obtain a balanced dietgeneralists
- 28evolution of increased efficiency of feeding on few speciesspecialists
- 29total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for a species existence without the effects of other speciesfundamental niche
- 30part of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies caused by interactions with other speciesrealized niche
- 31these animals keep a constant body temperatureregulators (humans)
- 32their body temperature is a reflection of the environmental temperatureThermal Conformers
- 33obtain their body heat from the environment (fish, amphibians)Ectotherms
- 34Produce their own body heat by shivering, oxidizing brown fatEndotherms
- 35relatively long term response by an organism to environmental changeacclimation
- 36why is metabolic rate lower in winter acclimated fox?because in the winter, they have more insulation and brown fat and don't have to shiver to keep warm but its opposite in summer so this increases their metabolic rate
- 37what are some traits that decrease water loss in plants?Waxy covering to leaf, low surface area, wilting
- 38what are some traits that increase water loss in plants?deep tap roots, storing water during times of plenty
- 39distribution of organisms in space at one moment in timeDispersion
- 40what are the types of dispersion?Random pattern, clumped (most common) and uniform pattern (territory)
- 41compare home range to territoryall animals have home range, not all have territories. Home ranges can overlap but territories cannot and finally territories are defended by home ranges aren't.
- 42what are the four functions of territoryFeeding, Mating, predator avoidance, and reduce disease
- 43What is the evidence for feeding hypothesisOvenbirds Territory size varies according to variation in food density.
- 44Evidence for mating hypothesisTerritory size in lizards saw that adults had larger territories that allowed for more female territories as opposed to juveniles
- 45why are some animals territorial and others not?Economics of Resource Defense theory: If territoriality net benefit outweighs the cost then they own a territory
- 46When individuals live together in groups due to their mutual attraction for one anotherSociality
- 47Interactions among individuals in which all benefitCooperation
- 48Why are some species social and others solitarySpecies should be social when benefits > costs
- 49Study: Relations between flocking and predation in Starlings by PowellIndividuals in flock spent less time surveying for predators, had less reaction time, and spent more time feeding
- 50What was the outcome of study on Merlins predation on sandpipersFlocking reduces the success rate of the merlins catching the sandpipers
- 51The entire span of an organism from fertilization to deathLife cycle
- 52Juvenile forms emerge from mother in adult like formdirect development
- 53When offsprings begin in larval stage with metamorphosis into adult formIndirect development
- 542 benefits of dispersalescape from competition and avoid inbreeding with relatives
- 552 costs of dispersalhigh risk of individual morality, reduced feeding and growth
- 56no bonding, doesn't go beyond copulation. one night standpromiscuity
- 57one male mates and remains associated with one femaleMonogamy
- 58member of one sex mates and remains associated with more than one member of the opposite sexPolygamy
- 59One male mates and remains with more than one femalepolygyny
- 60males set up large territories, allow female, but excludes other malesresource defense polygyny
- 61male follows the females around as they forage and drive off other males from their vicinityFemale defense polygyny
- 62Area where males assembles and stake out individual territories then females come and choose matesLek
- 63One female mates with more than one malePolyandry
- 64The most common- females set up large territories and exclude other femalesResource defense polyandry
- 65evolution of traits which may decrease an individual's chance of survival but increase its ability to acquire matessexual selection
- 66a period of ritualized behavioral pattern before matingcourtship
- 67Sexual dimorphism and its characteristicssexes have different morphological traits: In polygyny, males are larger and showier and in polyandry its the opposite.
- 68Investment of time and energy towards offspringParental Care: Polygyny-higher in females and polyandry- higher in males. in monogamous male and female provide parental care.
- 69Study of Nesting by Redwing Blackbirds in Marshesthe size of the territory of the male determines how many females he will mate with.
- 70A group of same species individuals living in a particular placepopulation
- 71number of individuals in the populationPopulation Size
- 72Number of individuals per unit area in the populationpopulation density
- 73two ways to measure population densityabsolute density and relative density
- 74does population density INCREASE or DECREASE with body size?decreases
- 75why is population density relative to body size greater for mammals than birds?birds are more territorial than mammals.
- 76study of the vital statistics of a population and how they vary with agedemographics
- 77list of the vital statistics of a populationlife table
- 78group of individuals in a population born about the same timecohort
- 79Proportion of individuals born that survives to age Xsurvivorship (lx)
- 80Average number of offspring produced by an individual of age XAge specific fecundity (Mx)
- 81Average number of offspring produced by an individual during its entire lifetimeNet Reproductive Rate (Ro). When >1, population decreases, when <1, population decreases and when =1, constant
- 82Ave. age from when an individual is born to when its offspring are bornGeneration time (T)
- 83Age specific expectation of future reproductionReproductive Value (Vx).
- 84Practical application of Reproductive value(Vx)Fishing restrictions. large fishes should be restricted not small because they have highest Vx
- 85change in the number of individuals per time unitpopulation growth
- 86process when individuals share resources that are in short supplycompetition
- 87model of population growth with intraspecific competitionLogistic growth model. Also understand why its "S" shaped
- 88study of how organisms are able to survive and function in their environmentphysiological ecology
- 89capacity of an organism to survive or reproduce when subjected to stressful environmental factorstolerance
- 90amount of energy used per time unitmetabolic rate
- 91study of catfish and salmon and why do catfishes acclimate better?in a graph of lethal temperature(y-axis) v. acclimating tempera.(x-axis), the catfishes had the steeper slope and they acclimate better because they have more isozymes than salmon and natural selection favors individual with acclimating ability.
- 92In what environment is r favored? what about k?R is for harsh, unpredictable environmental condition and k is for benign, predictable environment.
- 93Scientific study of interrelationship between organism and their environmentEcology