Genetics(I think)

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Chromosomes

During interphase, the chromosomes are unwound and just float in the nucleus, but during prophase, the genetic info is condensed into tight little packages called Chromosomes.

Humans have 23 chromosome parrs and 46 chromatids

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What is Genetics?

the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

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Prokaryote Division

Prokaryotic Cell Division

A form of asexual reproduction(1 parent) where a single cellular organism divides to form 2 daughter cells which are identical copies of each other and the parent cell.

The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell is located in the nucleoid.

Before a cell divides, it will replicate its nucleoid

Ways of dividing:

Binary Fission:

DNA Replicates

Cell Grows larger

DNA attaches to opposite sides of cell wall

Cell membrane pinches in

Division!

Budding

Asexual Reproduction:

One parent

Offspring are clones of each other and parent

Each daughter cell gets a copy of the DNA and necessary organelles

Populations grow rapidly

No genetic variation

Slower to adapt

No genetic variation(susceptible to disease)

Binary fission of bacteria (Einbetten)

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Eukaryotic Division

Somatic(body) Cell division: Mitosis

Mitosis makes identical cells

Cells divide for 2 major reasons:

Growth of body

Cell repairs

Cell life=cell cycle, basically what happens in cell division and when

Interphase:

G1 Phase: Growth Phase

Replication of Organelles

Synthesis of proteins

(if a cell chooses to stop dividing, it goes into the G0 phase)

Synthesis:

DNA Replication

G2: Preparing for Mitosis

Make microtubules

Mitosis:

Prophase

The nucleus deteriorates

Chromosomes Form

Spindle Fibers start growing

Metaphase:

Chromosomes line up the middle of the cell(cell plate)

The nuclear membrane is no longer there

Spindle fibers attach to the centromere

Anaphase:

Spindle Fibers shorten

Pulling apart chromosomes into single chromatids

Telophase:

A new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

Spindle fibers break down

2 nuclei in a cell at the same time

Chromosomes unravel

Cytokinesis:

The cell membrane pinches into the cell and the cell divides into 2 daughter cells

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Meiosis

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Reproductive Organs

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Fetal Development

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Mendelian genetics

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Non-Mendelian Genetics

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Evolution

Theory of Evolution:

Darwin's Finches: it is said that the first bird that arrived on the island was a seed-eater but as birds started competing more and more, some had to change their food source or die out. So from the original seed-eating bird came out the grub, leaves, bud, and fruit-eating birds with different beaks that helped them reach their goal. This is an example of adaptive radiation where single species evolve into many new species to fill available niches

Evolution allows organisms to adapt to changing environments where genes mutate over time causing small changes in traits.

Evidence:

Fossils: fossils are like the before picture for evolution, showing what traits were replaced and others that were kept

Homologous Structures: organisms have similar structures because they are related to each other

Biogeography: animals most closely related are usually found in the same regions

Microevolution: occurs in a short period of time(ie. finches) and mostly focuses on the population or species

Macroevolution: occurs over geologic time(over multiple generations)

Gene pool: the genes of all the members of a population

Allele Frequency: how often an allele occurs in a gene pool relative to the other alleles for that gene

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Mutations