Functional Neuroanatomy

The hypothalamus is located below above beside( below, above, beside ) the thalamus

Commissural Association( Commissural, Association ) fibers connect between hemispheres, whereas association commissural( association, commissural ) fibers involve connections within a hemisphere

Hemiplegia Paraplegia Semiplegia Demiplegia( Hemiplegia, Paraplegia, Semiplegia, Demiplegia ) refers to paralysis on one side of the body

A point to point relationship between sense receptors and cortical cells is laid out on the primary auditory cortex, with cortical representation arranged according to pitch volume noise amplitude( pitch, volume, noise, amplitude ).

Within the visual system, a ventral dorsal( ventral, dorsal ) what system is specialized for object recognition and a ventral dorsal( ventral, dorsal ) where system is specialized for spatial and movement percetiion.

The left right( left, right ) side of the brain is more specialized in language and for processing verbally coded information.

The right left( right, left ) side of the brain typically processes nonverbal information such as complex visual patterns or auditory signals that are not coded for in verbal form.

the right left( right, left ) hemisphere contributes to appreciation of the context (body language, irony) of verbal information and thereby, to the accuracy and appropriateness of language usage.

In keeping with the principles of hemispheric specialisation the most obvious cognitive deficit with left right( left, right ) hemisphere damage is aphasia.

Dysarthria Aphasia( Dysarthria, Aphasia ) is a condition in which problems effectively occur with the muscles that help produce speech, often making it very difficult to pronounce words. It is unrelated to any problem with understanding cognitive language.

Patients with left right( left, right ) sided lesions tend to be overly sensitive to their disabilities. However many patients ultimately compensate for them well enough to make a satisfactory adaptation to their disabilities.

Patients whose injuries involve right left( right, left ) sided lesions are less likely to be dissatisfied with themselves or their disabilities and are less likely to be aware of their mistakes. Consequently, those patients with such reduced insights tend to make poorer better( poorer, better ) adjustments to their circumstances.

Left Right( Left, Right ) hemisphere damaged patients tend depression as result of the ability to conceive of their deficits, and thus is directly reactive to the injury and more prevalent during the acute long term( acute, long term ) phases of recovery.

In patients with right left( right, left ) hemisphere damage, depression is often due to the secondary consequences brought on by a lack of self awareness or insight. As such these patients tend to set unrealistic goals and may be unpleasant socially, leading to isolation from friends and family. Thus depression is more likely to develop slowly as a reaction to these secondary consequences.

The external surface of the cerebral cortex is wrinkled into a complex of ridges called gyri sulci( gyri, sulci ), and fissures called gyri sulci( gyri, sulci )

The central sulcus central gyrus medial sulcus lateral sulcus( central sulcus, central gyrus, medial sulcus, lateral sulcus ) divides the cerebral hemisphere into anterior and posterior regions.

Immediately in front of the central sulcus lies the precentral postcentral( precentral, postcentral ) gyrus which contains much of the primary motor sensory visual auditory( motor, sensory, visual, auditory ) area.

The bulk of the primary somatosensory area is located in the gyrus sulcus( gyrus, sulcus ) just behind the central sulcus gyrus( sulcus, gyrus ) called the postcentral gyrus postcentral sulcus precentral gyrus precentral sulcus( postcentral gyrus, postcentral sulcus, precentral gyrus, precentral sulcus ).

Agnosia Aphasia Anopsia( Agnosia, Aphasia, Anopsia ) is the inability to process sensory information.

Anopsia Agnosia Aphasia( Anopsia, Agnosia, Aphasia ) refers to any defect in the visual field

Visual agnosia anopia aphasia( agnosia, anopia, aphasia ) is an impairment in recognition of visually presented objects. It is not due to a deficit in vision (acuity, visual field, and scanning), language, memory, or low intellect

Prosopagnosia Prosopaphasia Prosopanopsia( Prosopagnosia, Prosopaphasia, Prosopanopsia ) refers to an inability to recognize faces

Associative Apperceptive( Associative, Apperceptive ) agnosia refers to a failure of recognition due to defective retrieval of knowledge pertinent to a given stimulus. The problem is due to faulty sensory-specific memory; the patient is unable to recognize the object despite being able to perceive it normally. Apperceptive Associative( Apperceptive, Associative ) agnosia refers to a defective integration of otherwise normally perceived components of a stimulus. The problem is more a failure of perception; these patients fail to recognize a stimulus because they cannot integrate the perceptual elements of the stimulus.

The distinction involves whether the disturbance is primarily a failure of memory, or of perception.

Associative Apperceptive( Associative, Apperceptive ) visual agnosia is strongly associated with bilateral damage to higher order association cortices in the ventral and medial occipitotemporal areas, whereas apperceptive associative( apperceptive, associative ) visual agnosia is more closely associated with damage to earlier, more primary visual cortices.

Anomia involves a difficulty in retrieving names meaning spatial information numeric information( names, meaning, spatial information, numeric information )

Pure alexia Dyslexia Anomia Acalculia( Pure alexia, Dyslexia, Anomia, Acalculia ) is a reading problem that stems from defects in visual recognition, organization and scanning rather than from defective comprehension of written material.

The two-streams hypothesis argues that humans possess two distinct visual systems. As visual information exits the occipital lobe, it follows two main pathways, or "streams". The ventral dorsal medial lateral( ventral, dorsal, medial, lateral ) stream (also known as the "what where who how( what, where, who, how ) pathway") travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification and recognition. The dorsal ventral medial lateral( dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral ) stream (or, "where what who how( where, what, who, how ) pathway") terminates in the parietal lobe and is involved with processing object spatial location and position. object identification and recognition. object naming. facial recognition( object spatial location and position., object identification and recognition., object naming., facial recognition )

Patients with lesions in their PTO frequently demonstrate construction difficulties. Such as the ability to construct two or three dimensional objects from one or two dimensional units. Left Right( Left, Right ) sided lesions are apt to disrupt the programming or ordering of movements necessary for constructional activity. On the other hand, patients with right left( right, left ) sided lesions tend to demonstrate difficulties with spatial imagery or the understanding of spatial relationships, in particularly these patients have difficulties with diagonality in a design.

Although lesions to either hemisphere may conduct visuospatial construction. It is likely that lesions to the right hemisphere left hemisphere frontal lobe hippocampus( right hemisphere, left hemisphere, frontal lobe, hippocampus ) is probably more likely to produce visuoconstruction defects than an equal contralateral lesion.

Laterality effects also occur in the perception of auditory stimuli such that left temporal ocipital frontal( temporal, ocipital, frontal ) lobe damage impairs temporal processing (sound duration) spectral processing (pitch, harmony)( temporal processing (sound duration), spectral processing (pitch, harmony) ), whereas right temporal occipital frontal( temporal, occipital, frontal ) damage impairs spectral processing (pitch, harmony). temporal processing (sound duration)( spectral processing (pitch, harmony)., temporal processing (sound duration) )

Apraxia Agnosia Aphasia( Apraxia, Agnosia, Aphasia ) is a disorder of motor coordination and planning, whereas Agnosia Apraxia Aphasia( Agnosia, Apraxia, Aphasia ) refers to a deficit in processing sensory information.

Lesions to the inferior parietal lobule are typically related to deficits in short- term (or working) long term autobiographical proceedural( short- term (or working), long term, autobiographical, proceedural ) memory.

The inferior parietal lobule is composed of the supramarginal gyrus Wernicke's area primary auditory area( supramarginal gyrus, Wernicke's area, primary auditory area ) and the angular gyrus Broca's area temporal lobe( angular gyrus, Broca's area, temporal lobe ). Wernicke's area is located ventrally to the supramarginal gyrus angular gyrus primary auditory area( supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, primary auditory area ) and immediately caudal to the primary auditory cortex supramarginal gyrus angular gyrus( primary auditory cortex, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus ).

Neglect is more common on the left right( left, right ) side of personal and extrapersonal space.

Severe hemispatial inattention is very much a "right left( right, left ) hemisphere phenomenon" just as aphasia is a "left right( left, right ) sided phenomenon"

Pure word deafness Dyslexia Alexia Agraphia( Pure word deafness, Dyslexia, Alexia, Agraphia ), which occurs mostly with left temporal right temporal right parietal left occipital( left temporal, right temporal, right parietal, left occipital ) lesions, is an inability to comprehend spoken words despite intact hearing, speech production, reading ability and recognition of non-linguistic sounds.

Auditory agnosia Pure word deafness Auditory aphasia Auditory acalculia( Auditory agnosia, Pure word deafness, Auditory aphasia, Auditory acalculia ) may refer to an inability to recognize auditorily presented environmental sounds. When confined to nonspeech sounds (e.g telephone ringing) it is most frequently associated with right sided posterior temporal mediofrontal occipital thalamatic( posterior temporal, mediofrontal, occipital, thalamatic ) lesions.

Wernicke's aphasia Broca's aphasia Richards aphasia Anomic( Wernicke's aphasia, Broca's aphasia, Richards aphasia, Anomic ) patients may speak in fluent and syntactically correct sentences that has no semantic meaning. This condition is most commonly associated with left temporal right temporal right frontal left parietal( left temporal, right temporal, right frontal, left parietal ) damage.

right temporal lesions are rarely associated with language deficits, however difficulties naming and recognizing facial expressions tools animals( facial expressions, tools, animals ) have been reported.

A primary function of the temporal lobes occipital lobes brain stem central sulcus( temporal lobes, occipital lobes, brain stem, central sulcus ) is memory

The medial ventral caudal lateral( medial, ventral, caudal, lateral ) temporal lobe contains several structures critical for memory including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus.

Damage to the hippocampus amygdala putamen internal capsule( hippocampus, amygdala, putamen, internal capsule ) and adjacent areas of the temporal lobe is responsible for the memory impairment that emerges in early Alzheimer's disease.

emotional disturbances are associated with lesions involving the hippocampus as well as the amygdala optic chiasm medulla oblongata( amygdala, optic chiasm, medulla oblongata ) and the uncus olfactory bulb corpus callosum( uncus, olfactory bulb, corpus callosum ).

The amygdala pons( amygdala, pons ) is involved in processing emotional stimuli from all major sensory modalities.

Lesions to the premotor division primary motor cortex prefrontal portion( premotor division, primary motor cortex, prefrontal portion ) of the frontal lobe do not result in loss of the ability to move, but rather disrupt the integration of the motor components of complex acts, producing discontinuous, uncoordinated or impaired motor skills.

The prefrontal temporal primary motor parietal( prefrontal, temporal, primary motor, parietal ) lobes are where already correlated incoming information from all sources, external and internal, conscious and unconscious, memory storage and visceral arousal centres is integrated and enters ongoing activity

The ventromedial dorsolateral parietal superior medial( ventromedial, dorsolateral, parietal, superior medial ) prefrontal cortex plays a key role in impulse control and in regulation and maintenance of set and ongoing behaviour.