Statistics

What are the subjects/objects in a data table called?

What are the characteristics recorded for each case?

Cases are normally tracked using rows or columns?

Variables are normally tracked using rows or columns?

Categorical variable

Quantitative variable

Explanatory variable

Response variable

Population

Sample

Statistical inference

Sampling bias

How to avoid sampling bias?

Simple random sample

Bias

Association

Causation

Confounding variable

Observational study

Experiment

Randomized experiment

3 Explanations for why an association may be observed in sample data:

Treatments

Randomized comparative experiment

Matched pairs experiment

Control group

Placebo effect

Single-blind experiment

Double-blind experiment

Frequency table

Proportion

Notation for Proportion

Two-Way Table

Comparative plots

What three questions do we consider when describing a single quantitative variable?

Outlier

Symmetric distribution

Mean

Notation for mean
sample / population

Median

Resistance

Standard deviation

Standard Deviation notation
sample
population

The 95% Rule

Z-score

P(th) Percentile

Five Number Summary

Range

Interquartile range (IQR)

Choosing measures of center & spread

boxplot

IQR method for detecting outliers