Post Mid-term Notes

Early Abbasid Personalities

• Abu Hanifah---Kufah (more Ahl Ra'y)
• Sufyan al Thawri--Kufah (more Ahl Hadith)
• Malik ibn Anas--Madina
• Hasan al-Basra---Basra
• al-Shafi'i---Misr
• Ahmed ibn Hanbal---Baghdad
• Dawud al Zahiri---Baghdad (lieteralist founder)
• Al-Tabari---Baghdad (contentious--Shia??; scholar of tafsir, hadith, law)

Factors influencing Development of law

• patronage of khalifah
• freedom of opinion---no state madhab (could debate---advanced scholarship)
• expansion of empire
• compilations: tafsir, hadith, fiqh

Why Schools emerged

• scholars would refer to certain scholars: superiority of judgement and methodology
• to discourage judgements based on desires not principles
• judges needed formal documentation of rulings
• political interventions---Shi'ah

Schools that disappeared

• Al-Awza'i: Damascus--time of Abu Hanifa
• Sufyan al-Thawri: Kufah--time of Abu Hanifah
• Al-Layth ibn Sa'd: Egypt
• Dawud al-Zahiri: Baghdad---rejected qiyas so not all gave him authority
• ibn Jarir al-Tabari

Makkan vs Madinan

• Makkan: not focussed on law
• reform corrupt beliefs
• basic halal and haram
• implant morality, annihilate immorality
• prayer rules
• Madinan: laws
• gradual revelation: retain, memorize, implement
• revealed in a context
• legal systems: zakat, sawm, hajj, commercial, civil, personal, criminal, international
• implant morality, annihilate immorality
• prayer rules

Ijtihad: exertion

• explanation of texts and meanings: no analogy/analysis; knowledge of Arabic and implications of words
• explaining rules not explicitly covered: illah needs to be identified
• explaining rulings when not explicitly in a text and analogy not clear
• use general rules, principles, objectives of shariah---knowledge of all texts and proofs​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

Trained by Prophet and gave fatwas:

• Abu Bakr
• Umar
• Uthman
• Ali
• Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf
• Abdullah ibn Masud
• Ubayy ibn Ka’b
• Muadh ibn Jabal
• Abu Musa al-Ash’ari
• Abu l’Darda
• Zayd ibn Thabit
• Hudhayfah ibn Al-yaman
• Salman al-Farsi
• Ammar ibn Yasir

Companions with more fatwas:

• Aishah—intimate knowledge, she had lots on privat
• Umar
• Abdullah ibn Umar
• Ali
• Abdullah ibn Abbas
• Recorded recorded in 20 volumes—don’t have today
• • • Zayd ibn Thabit
• Few from Abu Bakr: dealing with apostasies, short Khilafah

Differed on the nature of authority of ijma

• provide conclusive proof?
• an argument for a view not conclusive?
• only from Sahaba it's conclusive?
• silent ijma not conclusive?
• Silent ijma not conclusive except Sahaba or in place for time or circumstances make clear silence =. approval
• Ijma estalbished by absence of knowledge of opposition not conclusive?