The total renal blood flow is approximately:

The enzyme renin is produced by the kidney:

The approximate number of nephrons contained in each kidney is:

The major cause of the nephrotic syndrome in children is:

Persons taking diuretics can be expected to produce:

All of the following are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by active transport
except:

The primary chemical affected by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is:

All of the following are considered normal functions of the kidney except:

Urine from a patient with polyuria has a high specific gravity. The patient should be
evaluated for:

The average daily volume of urine produced by a normal adult is approximately:

The total renal plasma flow is approximately:

Water is passively reabsorbed in all parts of the nephron except the:

The polyuria associated with diabetes mellitus is caused by:

Most of the sodium filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed in the:

Diseases affecting the glomerulus are primarily caused by:

Damage to the glomerulus can occur as a result of all of the following except:

The specific gravity of the glomerular ultrafiltrate is:

The glomerular filtrate is described as a:

Symptoms of acute glomerular nephritis include all of the following except:

The most common cause of end-stage renal disease is:

Increased production of aldosterone causes:

The buildup of crescentic formations on the glomerular capillaries is characteristic of:

A person exhibiting oliguria would have a urine volume of:

Which of the following terms is correctly matched with urine output?

A urine specimen may be rejected by the laboratory for all of the following reasons
except:

Early Egyptian physicians examined urine for all of the following except:

To determine if a specimen is urine, measure the concentrations of:

Urine from a patient with diabetes insipidus has:

Red blood cells will disintegrate more rapidly in urine that is:

The preferred method of urine preservation in the laboratory is:

All of the following could cause falsely decreased creatinine clearance results except:

Decreased production of vasopressin:

Which of the following urine chemicals will deteriorate when exposed to air and light?

Substances removed from the blood by tubular secretion include primarily:

Results for glomerular filtration tests are reported in:

Aldosterone regulates sodium reabsorption in the:

The primary cause of the changes that take place in unpreserved urine is:

Clearance tests used to determine the glomerular filtration rate must measure substances that are:

All of the following can be used to preserve a urine reagent strip glucose analysis
except:

All of the following are endogenous clearance test substances except:

The most common error in measuring the glomerular filtration rate using the creatinine clearance is:

Which of the following will be least affected in an unpreserved specimen left at room temperature overnight?

Production of antidiuretic hormone is controlled by the:

An additional calculation that may be required in the creatinine clearance is a correction for:

Which of the following disorders has the best prognosis?

If a substance is completely filtered by the glomerulus and then completely reabsorbed by the tubules, the clearance of that substance will be:

An unpreserved urine specimen left at room temperature overnight will have decreased:

Goodpasture syndrome and Wegener's granulomatosis are associated with the presence of which of the following in the urine sediment?

Which of the following is least likely to occur if a urine specimen stands at room
temperature for more than 2 hours?

Kidneys with impaired production of ammonia will consistently produce urine with a:

A patient with symptoms of hemoptysis and hematuria should be tested for:

The body surface of the average person in square meters is:

A urine specimen containing a large amount of precipitated amorphous material may have been preserved using:

A specimen for routine urinalysis and culture can be preserved using:

A renal disorder associated with heroin abuse is:

The most routinely used laboratory method for measuring the glomerular filtration rate is the:

Blood tests to confirm the diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis detect the presence of:

The first morning urine is the specimen of choice for routine urinalysis because it:

The serum osmolarity of a patient with hyponatremia:

The recommended specimen for routine urinalysis testing is the:

Failure to empty the bladder before beginning the collection of a timed urine specimen will:

Vapor pressure osmometers are based on the principle that:

The finding of bacterial casts is associated with:

Oval fat bodies and fatty casts are characteristic urine sediment constituents in patients with:

Glomerular basement membrane thickening occurs in membranous glomerulonephritis as a result of deposition of:

Performing a creatinine clearance is helpful for determining:

Infection of the bladder is termed:

All of the following specimens are acceptable for a urine culture except a:

For accurate evaluation of renal tubular concentrating ability, patient preparation should include:

Cystitis can be differentiated from pyelonephritis by:

The normal serum osmolarity is:

All of the following are good preservatives of urinary cellular elements except:

A first morning specimen is frequently requested to confirm:

The first morning specimen from a patient with no history of symptoms of diabetes is positive for glucose. The patient should:

A technical error that could cause a discrepancy between freezing-point and
vapor-pressure osmometry readings is:

The presence of heavy proteinuria is most characteristic of:

Measurement of urine osmolarity is a more accurate measure of renal concentrating
ability than specific gravity because:

The pronounced edema associated with the nephrotic syndrome is related to the:

Quantitation of a substance that varies with daily activities should be performed on a:

The test that provides information similar to specific gravity is the:

Substances that can interfere with serum osmolarity readings include all of the following except:

Calculate the creatinine clearance for a patient of average size from the following data:
Urine volume: 720 mL for 12 hours
Urine creatinine: 120 mg/dL
Serum creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL

The extent to which the kidney concentrates the glomerular filtrate can be determined by measuring:

Following fluid deprivation, a patient has a serum osmolarity of 276 mOsm and a urine osmolarity of 1000 mOsm. This patient:

Before analysis, a refrigerated urine specimen must be:

John White donates one of his two healthy kidneys to his twin brother. His glomerular filtration rate can be expected to:

For quantitative analysis of urinary constituents the required specimen is the:

The renal function that is most frequently the first affected by early renal disease is:

Which organ of the body breaks down protein to form urea?

Given the following information, calculate the osmolar clearance: urine volume—720
mL in 24 hours, urine osmolarity—700 mOsm, and plasma osmolarity—300 mOsm.

A patient with insufficient production of ADH would have which of the following
results?

An alternative to the catheterized specimen is the:

The most serious tubulointerstitial disorder is:

What is the maximum length of time a urine specimen should remain unpreserved at room temperature before testing?

What is the term meaning an increase in urine production during the night?

Where should labels on urine specimen containers be placed?

Increased urinary eosinophils are diagnostic for:

Given the following information, calculate the patient's free water clearance: urine
volume—360 mL in 12 hours, urine osmolarity—1400 mOsm, and plasma
osmolarity—275 mOsm.

The least contaminated specimen for bacterial culture is the:

Using the following values, calculate the creatinine clearance: urine volume—1200
mL/12h, urine creatinine—60 mg/dL, and serum creatinine—0.8 mg/dL

PAH is secreted by the:

The PAH test is used to measure:

A 12-hour urine specimen with a volume of 360 mL is collected for a creatinine
clearance. What is the volume (V) used to calculate the clearance?

Tests to measure the tubular secretion of hydrogen ions include all of the following
except:

Following injection of ADH, a patient has a serum osmolarity of 290 mOsm and a urine
osmolarity of 450 mOsm. The patient:

Following a 2-hour infusion of p-aminohippuric acid, during which 200 mL of urine is
collected, the urine PAH is 260 mg/dL, and the patient's plasma PAH is 0.8 mg/dL.
Calculate the renal plasma volume.

Microscopic urinalysis findings with acute interstitial nephritis include all of the
following except:

Which of the following is not associated with the elimination of hydrogen ions?

Documentation of appropriate handling of specimens for drug analysis is provided by the:

Renal tubular acidosis can be caused by the:

In which of the following disorders would waxy and broad casts be most likely to be
seen?

To provide an accurate measure of renal blood flow, a test substance should be:

Increased turbidity in urine that remains at room temperature is usually caused by:

THE TYPE OF NEPHRON RESPONSIBLE FOR RENAL CONCENTRATION IS THE?

THE FUNCTION OF THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES IS?

FILTRATION OF PROTEIN IS PREVENTED IN THE GLOMERULUS BY?

THE RENIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?

THE PRIMARY CHEMICAL AFFECTED BY THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IS?

SECRETION OF RENIN IS STIMULATED BY?

THE HORMONE ALDOSTERONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR?

THE FLUID LEAVING THE GLOMERULUS HAS A SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF?

FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT TO OCCUR, A CHEMICAL?

WHICH OF THE TUBULES IS IMPERMEABLE TO WATER?

GLUCOSE WILL APPEAR IN URINE WHEN?

CONCENTRATION OF THE TUBULAR FILTRATE BY THE COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM DEPENDS ON ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?

ADH REGULATES THE FINAL URINE CONCENTRATION BY CONTROLLING?

DECREASED PRODUCTION OF ADH?

BICARBONATE IONS FILTERED BY THE GLOMERULUS ARE RETURNED TO THE BLOOD?

IF AMMONIA IS NOT PRODUCED BY THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, THE URINE pH WILL BE?

THE LARGEST SOURCE OF ERROR IN CREATININE CLEARANCE TESTS IS?

CLEARANCE TESTS USED TO DETERMINE THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE MUST MEASURE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE?

PERFORMING A CLEARANCE TEST USING RADIONUCLEOTIDES?

VARIABLES THAT ARE INCLUDED IN THE MDRD-IDSM ESTIMATED CREATININE CLEARANCE CALCULATIONS INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?

AN ADVANTAGE TO USING CYSTATIN C TO MONITOR GFR IS THAT?

SOLUTES DISSOLVED IN SOLVENT WILL?

SUBSTANCES THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH FREEZING POINT MEASUREMENT OF URINE AND SERUM OSMOLARITY INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?

CLINICAL OSMOMETERS USE NACL AS A REFERENCE SOLUTION BECAUSE?

THE NORMAL SERUM OSMOLARITY IS?

AFTER CONTROLLED FLUID INTAKE, THE URINE-TO-SERUM OSMOLARITY RATIO SHOULD BE AT LEAST?

TO PROVIDE AN ACCURATE MEASURE OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW, A TEST SUBSTANCE SHOULD BE COMPLETELY?

RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS CAN BE CAUSED BY THE?

TESTS PREFORMED TO DETECT RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS AFTER ADMINISTERING AN AMMONIUM CHLORIDE LOAD INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?