4434571
Description
Flashcards by Josefina Gonzalez, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Josefina Gonzalez
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The total renal blood flow is approximately: | 1200 ml/min |
| The enzyme renin is produced by the kidney: | in response to low plasma sodium levels |
| The approximate number of nephrons contained in each kidney is: | 1 million |
| The major cause of the nephrotic syndrome in children is: | minimal change disease |
| Persons taking diuretics can be expected to produce: | Polyuria |
| All of the following are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by active transport except: | Water |
| The primary chemical affected by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is: | Sodium |
| All of the following are considered normal functions of the kidney except: | elimination of serum proteins |
| Urine from a patient with polyuria has a high specific gravity. The patient should be evaluated for: | diabetes mellitus |
| The average daily volume of urine produced by a normal adult is approximately: | 1200 mL |
| The total renal plasma flow is approximately: | 600 mL/min |
| Water is passively reabsorbed in all parts of the nephron except the: | ascending loop of Henle |
| The polyuria associated with diabetes mellitus is caused by: | the presence of excess glucose in the urine |
| Most of the sodium filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed in the: | proximal convoluted tubule |
| Diseases affecting the glomerulus are primarily caused by: | immunological disorders |
| Damage to the glomerulus can occur as a result of all of the following except: | increased filtration of electrolytes |
| The specific gravity of the glomerular ultrafiltrate is: | 1.010 |
| The glomerular filtrate is described as a: | protein-free ultrafiltrate of plasma |
| Symptoms of acute glomerular nephritis include all of the following except: | hypoalbuminemia |
| The most common cause of end-stage renal disease is: | diabetic nephropathy |
| Increased production of aldosterone causes: | increased plasma sodium levels |
| The buildup of crescentic formations on the glomerular capillaries is characteristic of: | Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis |
| A person exhibiting oliguria would have a urine volume of: | 200 to 500 mL |
| Which of the following terms is correctly matched with urine output? | Polyuria: 3000 mL in 24 hours |
| A urine specimen may be rejected by the laboratory for all of the following reasons except: | the container uses a screw-top lid |
| Early Egyptian physicians examined urine for all of the following except: | pH |
| To determine if a specimen is urine, measure the concentrations of: | urea and creatinine |
| Urine from a patient with diabetes insipidus has: | increased volume and decreased specific gravity |
| Red blood cells will disintegrate more rapidly in urine that is: | dilute and alkaline |
| The preferred method of urine preservation in the laboratory is: | refrigeration |
| All of the following could cause falsely decreased creatinine clearance results except: | secretion of creatinine by the tubules |
| Decreased production of vasopressin: | produces a high urine volume |
| Which of the following urine chemicals will deteriorate when exposed to air and light? | Bilirubin Ketones Urobilinogen |
| Substances removed from the blood by tubular secretion include primarily: | protein-bound substances, hydrogen, and potassium |
| Results for glomerular filtration tests are reported in: | milliliters per minute |
| Aldosterone regulates sodium reabsorption in the: | distal convoluted tubule |
| The primary cause of the changes that take place in unpreserved urine is: | bacterial growth |
| Clearance tests used to determine the glomerular filtration rate must measure substances that are: | neither reabsorbed or secreted by the tubules |
| All of the following can be used to preserve a urine reagent strip glucose analysis except: | sodium fluoride |
| All of the following are endogenous clearance test substances except: | inulin |
| The most common error in measuring the glomerular filtration rate using the creatinine clearance is: | inaccurate timing of urine collection |
| Which of the following will be least affected in an unpreserved specimen left at room temperature overnight? | Protein |
| Production of antidiuretic hormone is controlled by the: | state of body hydration |
| An additional calculation that may be required in the creatinine clearance is a correction for: | body size |
| Which of the following disorders has the best prognosis? | Henoch-Schönlein purpura |
| If a substance is completely filtered by the glomerulus and then completely reabsorbed by the tubules, the clearance of that substance will be: | zero |
| An unpreserved urine specimen left at room temperature overnight will have decreased: | glucose and ketones |
| Goodpasture syndrome and Wegener's granulomatosis are associated with the presence of which of the following in the urine sediment? | Red blood cell casts |
| Which of the following is least likely to occur if a urine specimen stands at room temperature for more than 2 hours? | Decreased pH |
| Kidneys with impaired production of ammonia will consistently produce urine with a: | high pH |
| A patient with symptoms of hemoptysis and hematuria should be tested for: | both A and C: antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody antiglomerular basement membrane antibody |
| The body surface of the average person in square meters is: | 1.73 |
| A urine specimen containing a large amount of precipitated amorphous material may have been preserved using: | refrigeration |
| A specimen for routine urinalysis and culture can be preserved using: | boric acid |
| A renal disorder associated with heroin abuse is: | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis |
| The most routinely used laboratory method for measuring the glomerular filtration rate is the: | creatinine clearance |
| Blood tests to confirm the diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis detect the presence of: | antistreptococcal antibodies |
| The first morning urine is the specimen of choice for routine urinalysis because it: | is more concentrated to better detect abnormalities |
| The serum osmolarity of a patient with hyponatremia: | should be lower than 275 mOsm |
| The recommended specimen for routine urinalysis testing is the: | first morning specimen |
| Failure to empty the bladder before beginning the collection of a timed urine specimen will: | cause falsely increased results |
| Vapor pressure osmometers are based on the principle that: | increased solute lowers the vapor pressure of a solution |
| The finding of bacterial casts is associated with: | both A and C: chronic pyelonephritis acute pyelonephritis |
| Oval fat bodies and fatty casts are characteristic urine sediment constituents in patients with: | nephrotic syndrome |
| Glomerular basement membrane thickening occurs in membranous glomerulonephritis as a result of deposition of: | IgG immune complexes |
| Performing a creatinine clearance is helpful for determining: | the feasibility of administering medications |
| Infection of the bladder is termed: | cystitis |
| All of the following specimens are acceptable for a urine culture except a: | timed specimen |
| For accurate evaluation of renal tubular concentrating ability, patient preparation should include: | fluid deprivation |
| Cystitis can be differentiated from pyelonephritis by: | the presence of white blood cell casts |
| The normal serum osmolarity is: | 275 to 300 mOsm |
| All of the following are good preservatives of urinary cellular elements except: | sodium fluoride |
| A first morning specimen is frequently requested to confirm: | orthostatic proteinuria |
| The first morning specimen from a patient with no history of symptoms of diabetes is positive for glucose. The patient should: | collect the second morning specimen |
| A technical error that could cause a discrepancy between freezing-point and vapor-pressure osmometry readings is: | evaporation of the sample |
| The presence of heavy proteinuria is most characteristic of: | nephrotic syndrome |
| Measurement of urine osmolarity is a more accurate measure of renal concentrating ability than specific gravity because: | osmolarity is influenced equally by small and large molecules |
| The pronounced edema associated with the nephrotic syndrome is related to the: | hypoalbuminemia |
| Quantitation of a substance that varies with daily activities should be performed on a: | 24-hour specimen |
| The test that provides information similar to specific gravity is the: | osmolarity |
| Substances that can interfere with serum osmolarity readings include all of the following except: | sodium |
| Calculate the creatinine clearance for a patient of average size from the following data: Urine volume: 720 mL for 12 hours Urine creatinine: 120 mg/dL Serum creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL | 80 mL/min |
| The extent to which the kidney concentrates the glomerular filtrate can be determined by measuring: | urine and serum osmolarity |
| Following fluid deprivation, a patient has a serum osmolarity of 276 mOsm and a urine osmolarity of 1000 mOsm. This patient: | has normal concentration ability |
| Before analysis, a refrigerated urine specimen must be: | returned to room temperature |
| John White donates one of his two healthy kidneys to his twin brother. His glomerular filtration rate can be expected to: | remain within a normal range |
| For quantitative analysis of urinary constituents the required specimen is the: | timed specimen |
| The renal function that is most frequently the first affected by early renal disease is: | tubular reabsorption |
| Which organ of the body breaks down protein to form urea? | Liver |
| Given the following information, calculate the osmolar clearance: urine volume—720 mL in 24 hours, urine osmolarity—700 mOsm, and plasma osmolarity—300 mOsm. | 1.2 mL/min |
| A patient with insufficient production of ADH would have which of the following results? | Urine volume—5 mL/min; osmolar clearance—2 mL/min |
| An alternative to the catheterized specimen is the: | midstream clean-catch specimen |
| The most serious tubulointerstitial disorder is: | chronic pyelonephritis |
| What is the maximum length of time a urine specimen should remain unpreserved at room temperature before testing? | 2 hours |
| What is the term meaning an increase in urine production during the night? | Nocturia |
| Where should labels on urine specimen containers be placed? | Container |
| Increased urinary eosinophils are diagnostic for: | acute interstitial nephritis |
| Given the following information, calculate the patient's free water clearance: urine volume—360 mL in 12 hours, urine osmolarity—1400 mOsm, and plasma osmolarity—275 mOsm. | -2.0 mL/min |
| The least contaminated specimen for bacterial culture is the: | suprapubic aspiration |
| Using the following values, calculate the creatinine clearance: urine volume—1200 mL/12h, urine creatinine—60 mg/dL, and serum creatinine—0.8 mg/dL | 128 mL/min |
| PAH is secreted by the: | proximal convoluted tubule |
| The PAH test is used to measure: | renal blood flow |
| A 12-hour urine specimen with a volume of 360 mL is collected for a creatinine clearance. What is the volume (V) used to calculate the clearance? | 0.5 mL/min |
| Tests to measure the tubular secretion of hydrogen ions include all of the following except: | urinary bicarbonate |
| Following injection of ADH, a patient has a serum osmolarity of 290 mOsm and a urine osmolarity of 450 mOsm. The patient: | lacks tubular response to ADH |
| Following a 2-hour infusion of p-aminohippuric acid, during which 200 mL of urine is collected, the urine PAH is 260 mg/dL, and the patient's plasma PAH is 0.8 mg/dL. Calculate the renal plasma volume. | 553 mL/min |
| Microscopic urinalysis findings with acute interstitial nephritis include all of the following except: | bacteria |
| Which of the following is not associated with the elimination of hydrogen ions? | Protein |
| Documentation of appropriate handling of specimens for drug analysis is provided by the: | chain of custody form |
| Renal tubular acidosis can be caused by the: | inability to produce an acid urine due to impaired production of ammonia |
| In which of the following disorders would waxy and broad casts be most likely to be seen? | Chronic renal failure |
| To provide an accurate measure of renal blood flow, a test substance should be: | cleared on each contact with functional renal tissues |
| Increased turbidity in urine that remains at room temperature is usually caused by: | bacterial growth |
| THE TYPE OF NEPHRON RESPONSIBLE FOR RENAL CONCENTRATION IS THE? | JUXTAGLOMERULAR |
| THE FUNCTION OF THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES IS? | BOTH A AND C: REABSORPTION AND SECRETION |
| FILTRATION OF PROTEIN IS PREVENTED IN THE GLOMERULUS BY? | THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION BARRIER |
| THE RENIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT? | VASOCONSTRICTION OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE |
| THE PRIMARY CHEMICAL AFFECTED BY THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IS? | SODIUM |
| SECRETION OF RENIN IS STIMULATED BY? | MACULA DENSA CELLS |
| THE HORMONE ALDOSTERONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR? | SODIUM RETENTION |
| THE FLUID LEAVING THE GLOMERULUS HAS A SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF? | 1.010 |
| FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT TO OCCUR, A CHEMICAL? | MOST COMBINE WITH A CARRIER PROTEIN TO CREATE ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY |
| WHICH OF THE TUBULES IS IMPERMEABLE TO WATER? | ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE |
| GLUCOSE WILL APPEAR IN URINE WHEN? | ALL OF THE ABOVE: BLOOD LEVEL OF GLUCOSE IS 200 ML/DL Tm FOR GLUCOSE IS REACHED RENAL THRESHOLD FOR GLUCOSE IS EXCEEDED |
| CONCENTRATION OF THE TUBULAR FILTRATE BY THE COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM DEPENDS ON ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT? | REABSORPTION OF WATER IN THE DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE |
| ADH REGULATES THE FINAL URINE CONCENTRATION BY CONTROLLING? | TUBULAR PERMEABILITY |
| DECREASED PRODUCTION OF ADH? | PRODUCES A HIGH URINE VOLUME |
| BICARBONATE IONS FILTERED BY THE GLOMERULUS ARE RETURNED TO THE BLOOD? | ALL OF THE ABOVE: IN THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE COMBINED WITH HYDROGEN IONS BY TUBULAR SECRETION |
| IF AMMONIA IS NOT PRODUCED BY THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, THE URINE pH WILL BE? | BASIC |
| THE LARGEST SOURCE OF ERROR IN CREATININE CLEARANCE TESTS IS? | IMPROPERLY TIMED URINE SPECIMENS |
| CLEARANCE TESTS USED TO DETERMINE THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE MUST MEASURE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE? | NEITHER REABSORBED OR SECRETED BY THE TUBULES |
| PERFORMING A CLEARANCE TEST USING RADIONUCLEOTIDES? | BOTH A AND C: ELIMINATES THE NEED TO COLLECT URINE; PROVIDES VISUALIZATION OF THE FILTRATION |
| VARIABLES THAT ARE INCLUDED IN THE MDRD-IDSM ESTIMATED CREATININE CLEARANCE CALCULATIONS INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT? | WEIGHT |
| AN ADVANTAGE TO USING CYSTATIN C TO MONITOR GFR IS THAT? | IT DOES NOT REQUIRE URINE COLLECTION; IT IS NOT SECRETED BY THE TUBULES; IT CAN BE MEASURED BY IMMUNOASSAY |
| SOLUTES DISSOLVED IN SOLVENT WILL? | LOWERING THE FREEZING POINT |
| SUBSTANCES THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH FREEZING POINT MEASUREMENT OF URINE AND SERUM OSMOLARITY INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT? | SODIUM |
| CLINICAL OSMOMETERS USE NACL AS A REFERENCE SOLUTION BECAUSE? | NACL IS PARTIALLY IONIZED SIMILAR TO THE COMPOSITION OF URINE |
| THE NORMAL SERUM OSMOLARITY IS? | 275-300 MOSM |
| AFTER CONTROLLED FLUID INTAKE, THE URINE-TO-SERUM OSMOLARITY RATIO SHOULD BE AT LEAST? | 1:1 |
| TO PROVIDE AN ACCURATE MEASURE OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW, A TEST SUBSTANCE SHOULD BE COMPLETELY? | CLEARED ON EACH CONTACT WITH FUNCTIONAL RENAL TISSUE |
| RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS CAN BE CAUSED BY THE? | INABILITY TO PRODUCE AN ACIDIC URINE DUE TO IMPAIRED PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA |
| TESTS PREFORMED TO DETECT RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS AFTER ADMINISTERING AN AMMONIUM CHLORIDE LOAD INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT? | ARTERIAL PH |
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