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Pacemaker Cells
Purkinje Fibres
Sympathetic Nerves
Alpha Motor Neurons
Cardiomyocytes ( Pacemaker Cells, Purkinje Fibres, Sympathetic Nerves, Alpha Motor Neurons, Cardiomyocytes ) in the Heart releases an Action Potential, these spread across the heart. Purkinje Fibres
Pacemaker Cells
Cardiomyocytes
Sympathetic Nerves
Adrenaline
Extracellular Calcium
Noradrenaline
GAP Junctions
Desmosomes ( Purkinje Fibres, Pacemaker Cells, Cardiomyocytes, Sympathetic Nerves, Adrenaline, Extracellular Calcium, Noradrenaline, GAP Junctions, Desmosomes ) help enhance the spread of the action potential. When the action potential spreads across the cell membrane of individual cardiacmyocytes they invade T tubules
D Tubules
M Tubules
C Tubules
S Tubules ( T tubules, D Tubules, M Tubules, C Tubules, S Tubules ) (invaginations in the membrane). These cause the opening of Voltage Gated Calcium Channels
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels
Voltage Gated Potassium Channels
Voltage Gated Chloride Channels
Ligand Gated Calcium Channels
Ligand Gated Chloride Channels
Ligand Gated Potassium Channels
Ligand Gated Sodium Channels ( Voltage Gated Calcium Channels, Voltage Gated Sodium Channels, Voltage Gated Potassium Channels, Voltage Gated Chloride Channels, Ligand Gated Calcium Channels, Ligand Gated Chloride Channels, Ligand Gated Potassium Channels, Ligand Gated Sodium Channels ) . Extracellular Calcium
Extracellular Sodium
Extracellular Chloride
Extracellular Potassium
Intracellular Calcium
Intracellular Sodium
Intracellular Chloride
Intracellular Potassium ( Extracellular Calcium, Extracellular Sodium, Extracellular Chloride, Extracellular Potassium, Intracellular Calcium, Intracellular Sodium, Intracellular Chloride, Intracellular Potassium ) then moves into the cytosol. The presence of Calcium
Sodium
ATP
Potassium
Chloride
Calmodulin
Acetylcholine
Noradrenaline ( Calcium, Sodium, ATP, Potassium, Chloride, Calmodulin, Acetylcholine, Noradrenaline ) in the cytosol causes further release of Calcium from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Calcium from Vesicles
Calcium from the Interstitial Space
Sodium from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Sodium from Vesicles
Sodium from the Interstitial Space ( Calcium from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Calcium from Vesicles, Calcium from the Interstitial Space, Sodium from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Sodium from Vesicles, Sodium from the Interstitial Space ) . This phenomenon is termed Calcium Dependent Chloride Release
Calcium Dependent Sodium Release
Sodium Dependent Calcium Release
Calcium Dependent Calcium Release
Chloride Dependent Calcium Release
Sodium Dependant Potassium Release
Potassium Dependant Calcium Release ( Calcium Dependent Chloride Release, Calcium Dependent Sodium Release, Sodium Dependent Calcium Release, Calcium Dependent Calcium Release, Chloride Dependent Calcium Release, Sodium Dependant Potassium Release, Potassium Dependant Calcium Release ) . This results in Systole
Diastole ( Systole, Diastole ) . Strength/Force of Contraction can be modulated by the concentration of Extracellular Calcium.
Extracellular Potassium
Extracellular Chloride
Extracellular Sodium
Intracellular Calcium
Intracellular Potassium
Intracellular Chloride
Intracellular Sodium ( Extracellular Calcium., Extracellular Potassium, Extracellular Chloride, Extracellular Sodium, Intracellular Calcium, Intracellular Potassium, Intracellular Chloride, Intracellular Sodium )