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RCA Practical 4

Gelöschter Nutzer Der Nutzer hat seine Fachbereichs-Information gelöscht. Englisch 37 Karten

RCA Practical 4

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  1. 1Name, origin and insertion of A and individual muscles of BPterygomandibular raphe (A):
    Origin: Pterygoid hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate
    Insertion: Mylohyoid line of the mandible
    Superior constrictor:
    Origin: Pterygomandibular raphe.
    Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe.
    Middle constrictor:
    Origin: Hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament.
    Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe.
    Inferior constrictor:
    Origin: Thyroid and cricoid cartilages.
    Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe.
    It should be noted that all 3 muscles overlap each other posteriorly but not anteriorly.
    They are voluntary muscles.
    The auditory tube is at the upper margin of the superior constrictor muscle.    Name, origin and insertion of A and individual muscles of BName, origin and insertion of A and individual muscles of B
  2. 2Name, origin, insertion and function of all 3 musclesPalatopharyngeus
    Origin: Palatine aponeurosis
    Insertion: Thyroid cartilage
    Function: Raise the pharynx and larynx during swallowing or depress the soft palate
    Stylopharyngeus
    Origin: Styloid process
    Insertion: Thyroid cartilage
    Function: Raise the pharynx and larynx during swallowing
    Salpingopharyngeus
    Origin: Cartilage of the auditory tube
    Insertion: Blends into palatopharyngeus muscle
    Function: Raise the pharynx and larynx during swallowing as well as open the auditory tube causing equalization of pressures in the middle ear and nasopharynx.    Name, origin, insertion and function of all 3 musclesName, origin, insertion and function of all 3 muscles
  3. 3Name of A Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Tensor palati:
    Origin: From the cartilage of the auditory tube and the scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygoid plate.
    Insertion: The tendon descends and hooks around the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate expands and joins with the tendon from the opposite side to form the palatine aponeurosis.
    Function: Tenses the soft palate and open the mouth of the auditory tube.
    Innervation: Branch of mandibular nerve (V3).    Name of A Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name of A Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  4. 4Name of E Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Levator palati:
    Origin: Cartilage of the auditory tube and petrous temporal bone.
    Insertion: Palatine aponeurosis.
    Function: Elevate the soft palate
    Innervation: Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve.    Name of E Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name of E Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  5. 5Name of C Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Palatopharyngeus
    Origin: Palatine aponeurosis.
    Insertion: Runs down into the oropharynx forming the oropharyngeal arch.
    Function: Elevate the larynx and pharynx or depress the soft palate.
    Innervation: Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve.    Name of C Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name of C Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  6. 6Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Palatoglossal:
    Origin: Palatine aponeurosis.
    Insertion: Descends to form the palatoglossal arch and then inserts into the side of the tongue.
    Function: Pulls the tongue up and constricts the oropharyngeal isthmus.
    Innervation: Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve.    Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  7. 7Sensory nerve supply to the 3 areas of the pharynx:Nasopharynx: Pharyngeal branch of maxillary (V2)
    Oropharynx: Pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve 9)
    Laryngopharynx: Internal laryngeal nerve branch of the superior laryngeal nerve arising from the vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)    Sensory nerve supply to the 3 areas of the pharynx:Sensory nerve supply to the 3 areas of the pharynx:
  8. 8Source of nerves to the oropharnyxThe pharynx receives nerves from 3 sources:
    Pharyngeal branch of the vagus-motor to the muscles of the soft palate and pharynx.
    Glossopharyngeal nerve-sensory to the oropharynx (sensory to the nasopharynx is via the pharyngeal branch of maxillary (V2))
    Branches from superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic)
    The nerves form a plexus in the submucosa termed the pharyngeal plexus.    Source of nerves to the oropharnyx
  9. 9Course of glossopharyngeal from the cranial exit: Supplies:Course: Leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen and descends between the superior and middle constrictor muscles to enter the pharynx.
    Gives off pharyngeal branches to the pharyngeal plexus (sensory to mucosa of the pharynx)
    It ends in the posterior third of the tongue and supplies general and special sensation (taste).    Course of glossopharyngeal from the cranial exit: Supplies:Course of glossopharyngeal from the cranial exit: Supplies:
  10. 10Name Course and Terminal Branches (2): Course and supply by terminal branches:Superior laryngeal nerve: Arises at the superior end of the carotid triangle, divides into two terminal branches; internal laryngeal and external laryngeal nerve.
    Internal laryngeal nerve: Pierces the thyrohyoid membrane and supplies sensory fibres to the laryngeal mucosa superior to the vocal folds.
    External laryngeal nerve: Descends with the superior thyroid artery and supplies the cricothyroid muscle.    Name Course and Terminal Branches (2): Course and supply by terminal branches:Name Course and Terminal Branches (2): Course and supply by terminal branches:
  11. 11Name Origin: Supplies:RIght recurrent laryngeal nerve
    Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
    Right recurrent branch: Arises from the right vagus nerve as it travels across the subclavian artery. The recurrent branch will travel under the subclavian artery and then ascend in the groove between the esophagus and trachea.
    Left recurrent branch: Arises from the left vagus nerve as it travels across the arch of the aorta. The recurrent branch will travel under the arch, around the ligamentum arteriosum and will then ascend in the groove between the esophagus and trachea.
    Supplies: All intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. It also supplies sensory to the laryngeal mucous membrane inferior to the vocal folds.    Name Origin: Supplies:Name Origin: Supplies:
  12. 12Categorize the laryngeal nerves into either motor/sensory or bothCategorize the laryngeal nerves into either motor/sensory or bothCategorize the laryngeal nerves into either motor/sensory or both
  13. 13Name the cartilages 1, 6, 8, 7 and 101: Epiglottic cartilage
    6: Corniculate cartilage
    7: Thyroid cartilage
    8: Arytenoid cartilage
    10: Cricoid cartilage    Name the cartilages 1, 6, 8, 7 and 10
  14. 14Name Attachments and joints:Thyroid cartilage
    The thyroid cartilage is connected to the cricoid cartilage via its inferior horn forming a synovial joint permitting tilting of the thyroid cartilage on the cricoid cartilage.
    The superior horn is just attached to the thyrohyoid membrane.    Name Attachments and joints:Name Attachments and joints:
  15. 15Name Difference between males and females, why:The Adams apple is the anterior laryngeal prominence which is made up of the thyroid cartilage lamina. This is more prominent in males vs females because males have a larger larynx. In addition, the thyroid cartilage is bigger in males than in females.Name Difference between males and females, why:Name Difference between males and females, why:
  16. 16Name Attachments and joints: Palpability:Superiorly, the cricoid cartilage forms a synovial joint with the thyroid cartilage via the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage. This enables tilting of the thyroid cartilage.
    The arytenoid cartilage is on top of the cricoid cartilage forming a synovial joint with the arytenoid cartilage able to slide/rotate to abduct and adduct the folds.
    Inferiorly, the cricoid cartilage connected to the first tracheal cartilage by the cricotracheal ligament.
    The cricoid cartilage arch can be palpated at the level of C6. The carotid artery is compressed by the anterior tubercle of the C6 vertebra.    Name Attachments and joints: Palpability:Name Attachments and joints: Palpability:
  17. 17Name Attachments and joints:The arytenoid cartilage is on top of the cricoid cartilage forming a synovial joint with the arytenoid cartilage able to slide/rotate to abduct and adduct the folds.
    The muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage points outwards and attaches to muscle whilst the vocal process points into the lumen and is connected to the vocal folds.    Name Attachments and joints:Name Attachments and joints:
  18. 18Name Attachments and joints:On top of the arytenoid cartilage is the corniculate cartilage, forming a fixed joint.Name Attachments and joints:Name Attachments and joints:
  19. 19Posterior to larynx: Length of larynx: Epithelium of larynx: Attachments of the larynx superiorly and inferiorly:The larynx is separated from the vertebral column by the esophagus.
    The larynx lies anterior to the C3-C6 vertebra.
    The mucosa is mainly respiratory type but stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium lies on the anterior surface and upper part of the posterior surface of the epiglottis, and the vocal cords.
    Superiorly, the larynx is connected to the hyoid bone via the thyrohyoid membrane.
    Inferiorly, the cricoid cartilage of the larynx is connected to the first tracheal cartilage by the cricotracheal ligament.    Posterior to larynx: Length of larynx: Epithelium of larynx: Attachments of the larynx superiorly and inferiorly:Posterior to larynx: Length of larynx: Epithelium of larynx: Attachments of the larynx superiorly and inferiorly:
  20. 20Name Attachments: Folds:Quadrate membrane: A thin, submucosal sheet of connective tissue that extends from the arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottic cartilage. The upper border forms the aryepiglottic fold. The lower border of the quadrangular membrane forms the vestibular ligament which when covered in mucous membrane forms the vestibular folds.Name Attachments: Folds:Name Attachments: Folds:
  21. 21Name Attachments: Folds:Vocal membrane/cricothyroid membrane: Is an elastic membrane that extends superiorly from the cricoid cartilage to thyroid and arytenoid cartilages. The upper free edge extends from the thyroid cartilage (close to the midline) backwards to the vocal process of arytenoid cartilage. This forms the vocal ligament, which when covered in mucous membrane (stratified squamous non keratinizing) becomes the vocal folds.Name Attachments: Folds:Name Attachments: Folds:
  22. 22Name all Changes during phonation and forced inspiration:Red: Epiglottis
    Blue: Vestibular folds (opening between them is the rima vestibuli)
    Green: Vocal folds
    Yellow: Rima glottidis (opening between vocal folds)
    These openings can vary in size and shape. During phonation the rima glottidis is closed whereas during forced inspiration the rima glottidis is fully open. The rima glottidis is also longer in males than in females.    Name all Changes during phonation and forced inspiration:Name all Changes during phonation and forced inspiration:
  23. 23Name 1, 2 and 3There are 3 subdivisions of the laryngeal cavity:
    The vestibule (1).
    Ventricle (2) (in between the vestibular fold above and the vocal fold below).
    The infraglottic cavity (3).    Name 1, 2 and 3Name 1, 2 and 3
  24. 24Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Cricothyroid:
    Origin: From the anterolateral part of the cricoid cartilage.
    Insertion: Inferior margin of the thyroid cartilage.
    Function: Stretches and tenses the vocal folds.
    Innervation: External laryngeal nerve (only exception, rest are supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve).    Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  25. 25Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Thyroarytenoid:
    Origin: From the inner surface of the anterior thyroid cartilage
    Insertion: Muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
    Function: Shortens and relaxes the vocal folds
    Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve    Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  26. 26Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Lateral cricoarytenoid:
    Origin: Arch of cricoid cartilage
    Insertion: Muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
    Function: Adducts the vocal folds
    Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve    Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  27. 27Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Transverse arytenoid:
    Origin: Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
    Insertion: Muscular process of other arytenoid cartilage
    Function: Brings the arytenoid cartilages together thereby adducting the vocal folds
    Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve    Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  28. 28Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Oblique arytenoids:
    Origin: Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
    Insertion: Apex of other arytenoid cartilage
    Function: Brings the arytenoid cartilages together thereby adducting the vocal folds
    Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve    Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  29. 29Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Posterior cricoarytenoid:
    Origin: Posterior aspect of cricoid cartilage
    Insertion: Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
    Function: Abducts the vocal folds
    Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve    Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  30. 30Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Aryepiglottic muscle:
    Origin: This is a continuation of the oblique arytenoid muscle up the side of the epiglottis
    Function: Together with the inter-arytenoids (transverse and oblique) and the epiglottis, acts as a sphincter, narrowing the opening into the larynx (laryngeal aditus) and preventing swallowed material from entering it
    Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve    Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:Name Origin: Insertion: Function: Innervation:
  31. 31Name muscles 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5: Group them according to their actions:Stretches and tenses vocal folds:
    Cricothyroid (4)
    Shortens and relaxes vocal folds:
    Thyroarytenoid (5)
    Adducts vocal folds:
    Transverse arytenoid and oblique arytenoids (2), lateral cricoarytenoid (3)
    Abducts vocal folds:
    Posterior cricoarytenoid (1)    Name muscles 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5: Group them according to their actions:Name muscles 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5: Group them according to their actions:
  32. 32Name Contents:Nasopharynx:
    Posterior nasal aperture and nasal septum
    Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid-atrophied in elderly)
    Opening of the auditory tube
    Soft palate, uvula    Name Contents:Name Contents:
  33. 33Name Contents:Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches (pillars of fauces)
    Palatine tonsil, or its residual fossa situated in between the two arches    Name Contents:Name Contents:
  34. 34Name Contents:Laryngopharynx:
    Opening into larynx (laryngeal inlet/aditus)
    Epiglottis
    Piriform recess (fossa) (small bones or food particles may become trapped in this space during swallowing)    Name Contents:Name Contents:
  35. 35Name Clinical relevance:Piriform recess (fossa)
    Clinical relevance: Small bones or food particles may become trapped in this space during swallowing    Name Clinical relevance:Name Clinical relevance:
  36. 36Name Function: Clinical relevance:Epiglottic vallecula
    Function: Acts as a spit trap, collecting spit to prevent initiation of swallowing
    Clinical relevance: Important reference landmark during intubation of trachea    Name Function: Clinical relevance:Name Function: Clinical relevance:
  37. 37Name all Locations: Collective function:Tubal tonsil (2): Around the opening of the auditory tube in the nasopharynx
    Pharyngeal tonsil (1): In the roof of the nasopharyngeal region
    Palatine tonsil (3): Between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds
    Lingual tonsil (4): At the base of the tongue
    Function: They form a “protective” ring of lymphoid tissue called the Waldeyer’s ring. With age, these tonsillar structures usually atrophy.    Name all Locations: Collective function:Name all Locations: Collective function:

Informationen

Beschreibung
RCA Practical 4-Pharynx and Larynx
Erstellt von
Gelöschter Nutzer · Sep 2016
Aktualisiert
20 Sep 2016
Aufrufe
29
Verlauf
  • Erstellt von Ashutosh Kumar · 30 Aug 2016
  • Kopiert von Binura Wijesinghe · 18 Sep 2016
  • Kopiert von Binura Wijesinghe · 19 Sep 2016
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