Advanced English II

Advanced English II

1. Modals and related Verbs

   • do not take "-s" in the third person.
   • use "not" to make modal verbs negative
   • Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past or the future tenses
   • Can/Could
   • May/Might
   • Ought to
   • Shall/Should
   • Will/would

2. Mdals in the past

   • Can't have
     • Certainty
   • Could
     • Permision
     • General ability
   • Could have
     • Possibility
   • Didn't need to
     • Unecessary action not done
   • Had to
     • Obligation
   • May have
     • Uncertainty
   • Might have
     • Possibility
     • Uncertainly
   • Must have
     • Certainly
   • Needn´t have
     • unnecessary actionj that was done
   • Ought to have
     • Criticism
   • Should Have
     • Expectation
   • Would have
     • events in the past that never happened

3. Habits

   • Be used to
     • indicates that someone has adapted to a new situation.
   • Get used to
     • the process of something becoming normal for us
   • for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens

4. Relative Clauses

   • We use them to join two sentences or more information about something
   • Defining
     • tell us which noun we are talking about
       • I like the woman who lives next door
     • "Who" for people
     • "Which" for things
     • "That" for things/people
   • Non-defining
     • Gives extra info. we do not need to understand the sentence
       • I live in London, which has some fantastic parks
     • We use "who" "which"
     • Do not use "that"

5. Clauses and Phrases

   • Phrase
     • Has nouns or verbals
     • Does not have a subject performing an action (Verb)
       • Before the first test
       • After the devastation
   • Clause
     • Collection of words that has a subject performing an action
       • because she smiled at me
       • Since he is here
     • Independent
       • Sentence that stands by itself
     • Dependent
       • Sentence that doe not stand by itself
         • Dependent marker

6. Habits II

   • Used to
     • is used for past action that we no longer perform
       • Can be used with all the verbs
   • Would
     • is used for past action that we no longer perform
       • Is ONLY used when the action involves movement

7. Cause, Purpouse and effect

   • Cause
     • Why something happens
   • Purpose
     • Goal you pretend to achieve
   • Effect
     • What happens

8. The verb "get"

   • Get across
     • To communicate
   • Get along/ Get on with
     • Have a good relationship
   • Get around
     • To avoid or spread somehing
   • Get at
     • To reach or suggest something idirectly
   • Get away
     • Ecape or obtain something
   • Get down
     • Cause someone to be depressed
   • Get down to
     • finally do something seriously. Reaching the point of dealing with it
   • Get over
     • To overcome something

9. Opposition and contrast

   • Opposition
     • When two ideas are opposite
       • Black-White
   • Contrast
     • When two ideas are not opposite but different
       • Red-Blue

10. Present Habits

    • Actions that are repeted regulary over a long period of time
      • Simple Present
        • Usually uses adverbs of frequency (somehimes, one a week, etc)
      • Will/won't + infinitive
        • talk about behavoir and tendencies
      • Keep + verb + -ing
        • talk about repeated behavoir viewed negatively by the speaker
    • Annoying habits
      • Always
        • Is used to complain aabout something

Bilder und Dateien der Mindmap