Karteikarten
Mega AP United States History Flashcard Revision Deck
Karten in diesem Stapel (341)
- 1Abraham Lincoln16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth
- 2AlamoA Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican forces
- 3Andrew Johnson17th president of the United States, A southerner from Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became President. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.
- 4Battle of GettysburgTurning point of the war that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North
- 5Black codesLaws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War
- 6Bleeding KansasA series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would be a slave state or a free state
- 7California Gold Rushin 1849 when gold was discovered in California which attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco.
- 8CaliforniosDescendants of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California
- 9CarpetbaggersA northern who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states
- 10Charles SumnerAbolitionist senator whose verbal attack on the South provoked a physical assault that severely injured him
- 11Chinese Exclusion ActDenied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.
- 12Civil WarAn American war between the Northern states and 11 Southern states, which seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The major issues that led to the war were slavery and states' rights. the confederacy lost the war, and the Southern states returned to the United States
- 13Compromise of 1850Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act, banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican cession
- 14Confederate States of Americaa republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States
- 15ConscriptionA forced enlistment of citizens of a country to fight for their country
- 16Credit MobilierThis was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members
- 17Crittenden Compromiseattempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden who offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36 30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves and was defeated by Republicans
- 18Dred Scott Case1857 Supreme court case that developed the fact that slaves were property not persons entitled to constitutional rights. It was the second Supreme Court decision to declare a law unconstitutional
- 19Emancipation ProclamationIssued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
- 20Fifteenth Amendment1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude
- 21Fire-eatersrefers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America
- 22Forty-NinersEasterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849.
- 23Fourteenth AmendmentA constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians
- 24Free-soil movementopposed the expansion of slavery in new states (particularly out west); subcategory of the Republican party who were also abolitionist; popular during the late antebellum period; Abraham Lincoln was the most influential person of this political party
- 25Freedman's BureauOrganization created at the end of the Civil War that aided southerns (mainly former slaves) with education, finding food, shelter and employment
- 26Gadsden Purchasepurchase by the United States of southwestern lands from Mexico
- 27General Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaMexican General who trued to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War
- 28George McClellanA major general during the American Civil
War. He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served
briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of
the Union Army. Early in the war, McClellan played an
important role in raising a well-trained and organized army for
the Union. Chronically underestimated force of confederate
army, leading to failure of Peninsula Campaign and was fired. - 29GreenbacksName for Union paper money not backed by gold
or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war - 30Habeas CorpusA court order requiring authorities to bring a
prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether
the prisoner is being held legally. - 31Harpers FerryJohn Brown's scheme to invade the South with
armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists;
seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by
Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged - 32Hiram RevelsA clergyman and teacher who became the
nation's first black senator in 1870. He completed the term of
Jefferson Davis. - 33James BuchananThe 15th President of the United States
(1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between pro-slavery
and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals
in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the
secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860. - 34James K. Polk11th President of the United States from
Tennessee; committed to westward expansion; led the country
during the Mexican War; U.S. annexed Texas and took over
Oregon during his administration - 35Jefferson DavisAn American statesman and politician who
served as President of the Confederate States of America for its
entire history from 1861 to 1865 - 36John BrownAbolitionist who was hanged after leading an
unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) - 37John C. Fremont1856 Republican presidential nominee;
platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and
a probusiness protective tariff - 38Kansas-Nebraska Act1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas
as states and gave the people in those territories the right to
chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. - 39Know-nothing partyA party which pushed for political
action against these newcomers. They displayed the feelings of
America regarding newcomers that were different and therefore,
the double standard of the country. - 40Ku Klux KlanA secret society created by white southerners in
1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans
from obtaining their civil rights. - 41Liberal RepublicansA group of Republicans for reform; they
vouched for purification of the administration in Washington,
and argued against military Reconstruction - 42Manifest DestinyA notion held by a nineteenth-century
Americans that the United States was destined to rule the
continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. - 43Mexican Cession1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of
Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid
$15 million for 525,000 square miles - 44Mexican-American War(1846-1848) The war between the
United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired
one half of the Mexican territory. - 45multiple causationthe belief that an event occurs as a result
of several factors working in combination - 46NativismA policy of favoring native-born individuals over
foreign-born ones - 47Oregon Trail2000 mile long path along which thousands of
Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's. - 48Oregon TreatyNegotiation of the border between Oregon and
Canada; Americans wanted it at 54º40' (slogan became "Fiftyfour
forty or fight!"); eventually was put at the 49th parallel - 49Popular SovereigntyA belief that ultimate power resides in
the people - 50Presentism1) All reality is contained in the present. A list of
things that are (part of reality in the broadest sense) will not
include events entirely in the past or future - 51Radical RepublicansAfter the Civil War, a group that
believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that
Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South. - 52Reconstructionthe period after the Civil War in the United
States when the southern states were reorganized and
reintegrated into the Union - 53Reconstruction Acts of 1867created five military districts,
required Congressional approval for new state consitutions,
Confederate states give voting rights to all men, and former
Confederate states must approve the 14th amendment - 54Republican party1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats,
Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed
party in order to keep slavery out of the territories - 55Robert E. LeeAmerican soldier, he refused Lincoln's offer to
head the Union army and agreed to lead Confederate forces. He
successfully led several major battles until his defeat at
Gettysburg, and he surrendered to the Union's commander
General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse - 56Sam HoustonCommander of the Texas army at the battle of
San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas - 57Sand Creek Massacre(1864) U.S. Army's killing of about 150
Cheyenne elderly, women and children at the Sand Creek
Reservation in Colorado Territory. - 58ScalawagA derogatory term for Southerners who were working
with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners - 59Scorched-earth campaign1. U.S. attacks into the
countryside where entire villages were burned and destroyed
72. Secession: Formal withdrawal of a state from the Union. South
threatened to do this many times and finally would in 1861. - 60Second Party SystemThe second party structure in the
nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for
the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up
as political participation became a mass phenomenon. - 61SharecroppingA system used on southern farms after the
Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else
in return for a small portion of the crops. - 62Sherman's March to the SeaAfter the burning of Atlanta
Georgia on Nov 15 1864, he marched 300 miles to Savannah and
arrived there December 22nd 1864 with the 1st Alabama cavalry
regiment. - 63Stephen DouglasSenator from Illinois, author of the KansasNebraska
Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of
popular sovereignty - 64Stephen F. Austin(1793-1836) In 1822, Austin founded the
first settlement of Americans in Texas. In 1833 he was sent by
the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for
Texan independence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835,
when he returned to Texas and became the commander of the
settlers' army in the Texas Revolution. - 65synthesisthe combination of parts to make a whole
- 66TejanosMexican residents of Texas. Many fought with the
Americans in the Revolution, but after Texas was independent,
the Americans didn't trust them. The Americans feared they were
spies and drove many out of Texas. - 67Ten Percent PlanLincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state
to form its own government afetr ten percent of its voters swore
an oath of loyalty to the United States - 68Texas AnnexationAmericans moved to Texas territory and
became unhappy with their rule. The revolted and won
independence. - 69Thirteenth Amendment1865 - Freed all slaves, abolished
slavery - 70Total warA war that involves the complete mobilization of
resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the
warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields. - 71Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: (1848) treaty signed by the
U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American
War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the
U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15
million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the
Mexican Cession would be protected - 72Wade-Davis Bil1864 Proposed far more demanding and
stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a
state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates
to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the
bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. - 73William Tecumseh Sherman2nd most important Union
General who introduced total war in "the march to the sea." He
destroyed crops, towns, and farms everywhere he went. - 74Wilmot ProvisoDavid Wilmot Bill that would ban
slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico
(1846), Calhoun against with his compact theory (govt. created
by states) - 75Winfield Scott"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of
Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War - 76Zachary Taylor(1849-1850), Whig president who was a
Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War).
Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of
slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his
Vice President was Millard Fillmore. - 77abolitionismMorality-based political movement against
slavery - 78abolitionist movementAn international movement that
between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning
slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the
world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the
United States. - 79active resistancethe most negative reaction to a proposed
change attempt, An individual who has taken it upon them self to
resist (ex. sabotage, running away, quitting work, revolting,
destroying crops, burning fields, murdering, etc.) Uncommon
because of the consequences - 80American SystemAn economic regime pioneered by Henry
Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements
such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the
United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would
eventually help America industrialize and become an economic
power. - 81aristocratic republicanismgovernment system of the roman
republic; this is based on the interest of wealthy powerful man - 82Bingham YoungThe leader and seer of the Mormons who
claimed popular sovereignty as their basis of independent rule
while seeking recognition from congress of territorial status and
polygamy - 83Black Protestantismit prepared slaves spiritually for their
emancipation, it helped slaves endure their suffering as it offered
hope for justice in the afterlife - 84capitalism(aka free enterprise) an economic system in which
individuals own and operate the majority of businesses that
provide goods and services. Competition, supply, and demand
determine which goods and services are produced, how they are
produced, and how they are distributed. (US, Canada, Japan,
and Australia) - 85Charles Fourier1772-1837. French doctrinaire thinker who
subjected all institutions to sweeping condemnation. Advocated
"phalanstries" or small self-sufficient communes and a system of
social and economic organization. None of those experiments
that were tried in France succeeded. However, Brook Farms, on a
similar principle, was run for about 5 years in America. - 86Charles G. FinneyCreated the biggest religious revival at
Rochester in 1830-1831 attended by all denominations. He was
known for speeding conversions. He believed destinies were in
people's hands unlike Calvinists. - 87chattel slaveryOwnership of human beings; a system of
bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so
can be bought as sold like property. - 88commonwealth capitalismstates would funnel aid to private
businesses - 89CommunalismThe practice of common ownership; loyalty and
commitment to the interests of your own minority or ethnic group
rather than to society as a whole - 90cotton ginInvented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds
from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and
cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are
needed for more acres of cotton fields - 91cult of domesticitythe ideal woman was seen as a tender,
self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children
and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that
restricted women to caring for the house - 92David WalkerHe was a black abolitionist who called for the
immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the
Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white
supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for
slaves to physically revolt. - 93Declaration of Sentiments(1848) a statement written and
signed by women's rights supporters at the Seneca Falls
Convention; detailed their beliefs about social injustice against
women. - 94democratic republicanismLed by Thomas Jefferson,
believed people should have political power, favored strong
STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict
interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National
Bank - 95domestic slave tradebuying, selling, and forced movement of
slaves within the boundaries of the U.S., 19th century,
importance 1)1808 international slave trade ended for the U.S. 2)
Cotton Kingdom-geographic shift takes place, they were
expanding and moving west to new land, need more slaves,
areas in South and West of the S, increased slave production,
many moved from W to S, created more occupations for slaves,
profitable - 96Dorothea dixA reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat
the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was
responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and
insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded
in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of
the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendent of Nurses for
the Union Army during the Civil War - 97Eli WhitneyAn American inventor who developed the cotton
gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that
were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged - 98Elizabeth Cady Stanton(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with
Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights,
held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration
of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and
demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National
Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869 - 99emancipationFree slaves
- 100eminent domainPower of a government to take private
property for public use; the U.S. Constitution gives national and
state governments this power and requires them to provide just
compensation for property so taken. - 101Erie canal, A canal between the New York cities of Albany
and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel
of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship
surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern
manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. - 102FourierismA utopian socialist movement started by Charles
Fourier. He wanted to counter the current industrial system to
replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of
work each day as well as relatively free sexual activity. - 103Francis Cabot LowellAmerican industrialist who developed
the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could
both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live
and work in his mill - 104Frederick Douglass(1817-1895) American abolitionist and
writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African
American spokesman and writer. He published his biography,
The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the
abolitionist newspaper, the North Star - 105free blacksa "third race", prohibited from certain occupations,
barred from some Northern states, often in competition with
whites for menial jobs - 106Harriet TubmanUnited States abolitionist born a slave on
a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the
Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the
North (1820-1913) - 107henry clayA northern American politician. He developed the
American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises. - 108Henry David ThoreauAmerican transcendentalist who was
against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his
beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience
when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War - 109Hudson river schoolA group of American painters of the mid
1800s whose works are characterized by a highly romantic
treatment of landscape, esp. along the Hudson River - 110industrial revolutionA series of improvements in industrial
technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods - 111john James AudubonAmerican artist who drew birds,
mammals, plants, and other subjects of nature giving special
attention to the relationship between animals and their habitats. - 112John Quincy Adams(1767-1848) Son of President John
Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely
formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of
the United States and later became a representative in Congress. - 113joseph smithFounded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with
the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God
sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising
against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and
died a martyr - 114Lowell systemDeveloped in the textile mills of Lowell,
Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much
machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were
needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single
young farm women, who worked for a few years and then
returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young
women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life. - 115Lucretia MottA Quaker who attended an anti-slavery
convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized.
She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in
New York in 1848 - 116magnatessomebody who has a lot of wealth, power, and/or
influence - 117market revolution: Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in
the exchange of goods and services in market transactions.
Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms
and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and
merchants, and the dev of a transportation network of roads,
canals and RR. - 118Martin Van Buren(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and
free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for
the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of
bonds for the national debt - 119McCormick reaperMechanized the harvest of grains, such as
wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the
large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the
Midwest
69. McCulloch - 120mercantilismAn economic policy under which nations sought
to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of
gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought - 121middle classA social class made up of skilled workers,
professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers. - 122Missouri Compromise"Compromise of 1820" over the issue
of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave
state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the
36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. - 123MormonismFounded by Joseph Smith, who claimed he was
visited by God, and in 1830 he published a document called The
Book of Mormon. He said it was a translation of a set of gld
tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by
an angel of God. - 124Mother Ann LeeThe founder of the United Society of Believers
in Christ's Second Appearing, or Shakers. During the 1770s she
emigrated from England to the town of Waterville, New York to
avoid persecution. The method of worship she and others
followed was one of ecstatic danci - 125Nat Turner(1800-1831) American slave leader, he claimed
that divine inspiration had led him to end the slavery system.
Called Nat Turner's Rebellion, the slave revolt was the most
violent one in U.S. history; he was tried, convicted, and executed - 126nativismA policy of favoring native-born individuals over
foreign-born ones - 127Panic of 18191st major financial panic since the Constitution
was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured
deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank
failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump
in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's
prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks
led to over speculation on lands in west- the national bank
tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these
state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which
resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors. - 128passive resistanceNonviolent action or opposition to
authority, often in accord with religious or moral belief - 129patriarchyA form of social organization in which a male is
the family head and title is traced through the male line - 130plantation elitethe 5% of the southern population who owned
50 or more slaves and enjoyed prestige, political leadership, and
a lifestyle in which most inherited their wealth - 131ProtestantismA division from the Catholic church that
brought up a reformation within Western Christianity. They
protested against the established Roman Catholic Church. It
began in earnest when Martin Luther called in 1517 for a
reopening of the debate on the sale of indulgences and the
authority to absolve sin and remit one from purgatory. The
reformers made use of inexpensive pamphlets because of the
printing press which was still relatively new. This caused a swift
movement of both ideas and documents, including The 95 Theses
.In 1524,they Erupted into revolt and as they grew more violent
they were denounced by Luther. With his support, the nobles
suppressed the rebellion, killing tens of thousands of people and
leaving thousands more homeless. The followers were also
called Lutherans. - 132Ralph Waldo EmersonAmerican transcendentalist who was
against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, selfimprovement,
self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime
example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movemen - 133Reform movementWork to change society for the better.
Focused on improving conditions for the poor, enslaved,
imprisoned, women, and disabled. - 134Regionalisman element in literature that conveys a realistic
portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and
its influences as a major part of the plot - 135Religious reformEnlightenment-based change to religious
orthodoxy. - 136republican motherhood:An idea linked to republicanism
that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role
as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. Educational
opportunities for women expanded due to this. Its roots were
from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother
is to her child. - 137republicanismA philosophy of limited government with
elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The
government is based on consent of the governed. - 138RevivalsMeetings where preachers whip up new religious
fervor - 139Richard AllenAn African American preacher who helped start
the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal
church - 140Romanticism19th century artistic movement that appealed to
emotion rather than reason - 141Samuel Slater: "Father of the Factory System" in America;
escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile
machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in
1791 - 142Seneca Falls ConventionTook place in upper state New
York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to
discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote
the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried
to get women the right to vote - 143sentimentalisman overindulgence in emotion which is
characterized by a conscious effort to induce emotion in order to
analyze or enjoy it by failure to restrain emotion through the
exercise of judgment, and by an optimistic overemphasis of
goodness of humanity
104. Shaker: ..., A millennial - 144slave societyEconomic type of society based upon the
predominant use of unfree or slave labor to produce surplus
products. - 145socialism:A theory or system of social organization that
advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means
of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the
community as a whole. - 146Sojourner TruthUnited States abolitionist and feminist
who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the
abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) - 147Solomon Northup: a free black man from New York who was
kidnapped by white men in March 1841 and experienced twelve
years as a slave until he conspired his way out of slavery and was
reunited with his family; wrote "Twelve Years a Slave" - 148suffrage:A legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to
the US constitution - 149. Suffrage MovementThe drive for voting rights for women
that took place in the United States from 1890 to 1920. - 150Susan B. Anthony: (1820-1906) An early leader of the
women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the
National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady
Stanton in 1869. - 151Temperance MovementA social movement, born in the 19th
century, to reduce the consumption of alcohol in America. This
movement was popular among women, who had to face their
husbands and fathers "drinking away" the family savings, and
dealt with alcohol related problems such as job loss, violence,
and domestic abuse - 152Transcendentalism:A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct
communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter,
intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real.
Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotio - 153Uncle Toms Cabinwritten by Harriet Beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and
slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. - 154Underground railroadA secret cooperative network that aided fugitive slaves in reaching sanctuary in the free states or in Canada in
the years before the abolition of slavery in the United States - 155Utopianism:: the political orientation of a utopian who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes social perfection, the goal to create an
ideal society based on cooperation and economic self-sufficiency - 156. Walt WhitmanAmerican poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of
Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing
poetry. - 157William Lloyd Garrison1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist
newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. - 158yeoman farmersfamily farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave
owners - 159Abigail AdamsWife of John Adams. During the war she
wrote letters to her husband describing
life on the homefront. She urged her
husband to remember America's women
in the new government he was helping to
create - 160Albany congress1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown
to take direct control of Indian relations
beyond the boundaries of the colonies.
Drafted a plan of confederation for the
continental colonies. was not ratified by any
colony and parliament did not accept it. - 161Albany plan1754: Delegates of seven colonies met in New York
to discuss plans for collective defense.
Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin,
proposed a plan for an intercolonial government;
the plan was later rejected by the colonial
legislatures as demanding too great a surrender of
power. It was an important precedent for the
concept of uniting in the face of a common enemy - 162Alexander Hamilton1789-1795; First Secretary of the
Treasury. He advocated creation of a
national bank, assumption of state debts
by the federal government, and a tariff
system to pay off the national debt. - 163Alien and Sedition Acts(1798) laws passed by a
Federalist-dominated Congress
aimed at protecting the
government from treasonous
ideas, actions, and people - 164American RevolutionThe war between Great
Britain and its American
colonies, 1775-83, by which the
colonies won their
independence. - 165Appropriate use of historical evidenceknowing how to evaluate evidence
from diverse primary sources based
on content. extracting use for
information, drawing appropriate
conclusions. - 166Articles of Confederation1st Constitution of the U.S.
1781-1788 (weaknesses-no
executive, no judicial, no power
to tax, no power to regulate
trade) - 167Battle of SaratogaAmerican victory over British
troops in 1777 that was a
turning point in the American
Revolution. - 168Battle of YorktownLast major battle of the Revolutionary
War. Cornwallis and his troops were
trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the
French fleet. He was sandwiched between
the French navy and the American army.
He surrendered October 19, 1781. - 169Benjamin FranklinAmerican intellectual, inventor,
and politician He helped to
negotiate French support for
the American Revolution. - 170Bill of RightsFirst ten amendments to the
Constitution, drafted by
Madison, placed limitations of
government and protects
natural rights. - 171Boston massacreIn March 1770, a crowd of colonists
protested against British customs
agents and the presence of British
troops in Boston. Violence flared
and five colonists were killed. - 172Boston tea partyA 1773 protest against British
taxes in which Boston colonists
disguised as Mohawks dumped
valuable tea into Boston
Harbor - 173coercive acts(1774) , This series of laws passed by Parliament
were very harsh laws intended to make
Massachusetts pay for its resistance, after Britain
heard news of the Tea Party. It also closed down
the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts
colonists paid for the ruined tea, banned most
town meetings. Also forced Bostonians to shelter
soldiers in their own homes. - 174committees of correspondenceA network of communicaiton
set up in Massachusetts and
Virginia to inform other
colonies of ways that Britain
threatened colonial rights - 175Common Sense1776 pamphlet by Thomas
Paine that persuaded many
Americans to support the
Revolutionary cause - 176compromise of 1790This included passage of the Residence Act in July
and the Funding Act in August. Central to this was
an agreement that several Southerners would
change their votes and support the federal
assumption of state debts in return for a bill
locating the US capital on the Potomac River after
a ten year temporary residence at Philadelphia - 177ConstitutionA document which spells out
the principles by which a
government runs and the
fundamental laws that govern a
society - 178Constitutional ConventionA meeting in Philadelphia in
1787 that produced a new
constitution - 179Continental CongressA body of representatives from the
British North American colonies who met
to respond to England's Intolerable Acts.
They declared independence in July 1776
and later drafted the Articles of
Confederation. - 180Declaration of Independence1776 statement, issued by the
Second Continental Congress,
explaining why the colonies
wanted independence from
Britain. - 181Declaration of the Rights of Man and of CitizenFrench Revolution document that
outlined what the National Assembly
considered to be the natural rights of all
people and the rights that they possessed
as citizens - 182Democratic-Republican PartyAn early political party
headed by Thomas Jefferson;
stood for less centralized
government - 183Direct democracyA system of government in
which members of the polity
meet to discuss all policy
decisions and then agree to
abide by majority rule. - 184excise taxesTaxes placed on manufactured
products. The excise tax on
whiskey helped raise revenue
for Hamilton's program. - 185Federalist PapersA collection of 85 articles written by
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and
James Madison under the name
"Publius" to defend the Constitution
in detail. - 186Federalist Partya political party created in the
1790s and influenced by Alexander
Hamilton that wanted to strengthen
the federal government and
promote industry and trade - 187First Bank of the United StatesCreated in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton,
the first Secretary of Treasury, the Bank
of the United States was chartered for 20
years and was to have $10mil, 1/5 of
which was to be owned by the federal
government - 188first Continental congress1774; response to Intolerable Acts;
55 men from 12 colonies meet on
Philadelphia; called for complete
halt in trade with Britain; important
step towards independence. - 189French and Indian War(1754-1763) War fought in the
colonies between the English
and the French for possession
of the Ohio Valley area. The
English won. - 190George Washington1st President of the United
States; commander-in-chief of
the Continental Army during
the American Revolution (1732-
1799) - 191Great CompromiseA decision made during the
Constitutional Convention to give each
state the same number of representatives
in the Senate regardless of size;
representation in the House was
determined by population. - 192Historical causalityunderstanding that events of
the past lead directly to later
events - 193Historical contingencyunderstanding that events
depend upon prior conditions
and that those prior conditions
depend upon still other
conditions - 194interpretationA technique used to explore the
meanings of free association,
dreams, resistances, and
transference feelings - 195intolerable actsin response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts
passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed,
reduced power of assemblies in colonies,
permitted royal officers to be tried
elsewhere, provided for quartering of
troop's in barns and empty hous - 196Iroquois Confederacya powerful group of Native
Americans in the eastern part of the
United States made up of five
nations: the Mohawk, Seneca,
Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida - 197James Madison"Father of the Constitution". His
proposals for an effective government
became the Virginia Plan, which was the
basis for the Constitution. He was
responsible for drafting most of the
language of the Constitution - 198Jay's Treaty(1794) It was signed in hopes of settling the growing
conflicts between U.S. and Britian. It dealt with the
Norwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It
was unpopular with most Americans because it did
not punish Britian for the attacks on neutral
American ships. It was particularly unpopular in
France, because the U.S. also accepted the British
restrictions on the rights of neutrals - 199John Adams1796; Federalist; notable events include
XYZ affair, the passing of the Alien and
Sedition Acts, and his appointment of
John Marshall (Federalist) as Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court and
numerous federalist "midnight judges" - 200King George III1760-1820 ruler of Great
Britain. He was a hero in
Great Britain but in the
colonies he was an evil tyrant. - 201Lexington and ConcordApril 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to
confiscate colonial weapons and arrest
Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70
armed militia face British at Lexington (shot
heard around the world); British retreat to
Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the
way (concord) - 202LoyalistsAmerican colonists who
remained loyal to Britain and
opposed the war for
independence. - 203Mercy Otis Warren(1728 - 1814) was an American writer and
playwright. She was known as the "Conscience of
the American Revolution". Mercy Otis was
America's first female playwright, having written
unbylined anti-British and anti-Loyalist
propaganda plays from 1772 to 1775, and was the
first woman to create a Jeffersonian (antiFederalist)
interpretation of the Revolution - 204minutemenMember of a militia during
the American Revolution who
could be ready to fight in
sixty seconds - 205Necessary and proper clauseGives Congress the powers to
pass all laws necessary to carry
out their constitutional duties;
"elastic" clause (Art. I, Sec 8,
clause 18) - 206New Jersey PlanA constitutional proposal that
would have given each state
one vote in a new congress - 207Northwest OrdinanceEnacted in 1787, it is considered one of the
most significant achievements of the Articles
of Confederation. It established a system for
setting up governments in the western
territories so they could eventually join the
Union on an equal footing with the original
13 states - 208Patrick HenryA leader of the American
Revolution and a famous
orator who spoke out against
British rule of the American
colonies (1736-1799) - 209PatriotsAmerican colonists who were
determined to fight the
British until American
independence was won - 210paxton boys1764; group of Scotts-Irish frontiersmen
that led an armed march on Philadelphia
protesting the Quaker establishment's
lenient policies toward Indians;
spearheaded the Regular Movement - 211Pinckney's Treatyestablished intentions of friendship
between the United States and Spain. It
also defined the boundaries of the United
States with the Spanish colonies and
guaranteed the United States navigation
rights on the Mississippi River. - 212Pontiac's rebellion1763 - An Indian uprising after the French
and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief
named Pontiac. They opposed British
expansion into the western Ohio Valley and
began destroying British forts in the area.
The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. - 213Proclamation LineAn order in which Britain
prohibited its American
colonists from settling west of
the Appalachian Mountains - 214proclamation of 1763A proclamation from the British
government which forbade British
colonists from settling west of the
Appalacian Mountains, and which
required any settlers already living west
of the mountains to move back east - 215Proclamation of Neutrality- A formal announcement issued by President
George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring
the United States a neutral nation in the conflict
between Great Britain and France that had begun
with the French Revolution. It threatened legal
proceedings against any American providing
assistance to warring countries. - 216PropagandaInformation aimed at positively
or negatively influencing the
opinions or behaviors of large
numbers of people - 217Quartering Act1765 - Required the colonials
to provide food, lodging, and
supplies for the British troops
in the colonies. - 218RepublicanismA philosophy of limited government
with elected representatives serving
at the will of the people. The
government is based on consent of
the governed. - 219Revolution of 1800Jefferson's election changed the
direction of the government
from Federalist to DemocraticRepublican,
so it was called a
"revolution." - 220salutary neglectBritish colonial policy during the reigns
of George I and George II. Relaxed
supervision of internal colonial affairs by
royal bureacrats contributed significantly
to the rise of American self government - 221Samuel AdamsAmerican Revolutionary leader and
patriot, Founder of the Sons of
Liberty and one of the most vocal
patriots for independence; signed
the Declaration of Independence - 222Second Continental Congress12 delegates meet in Philadelphia to
express their growing
dissatisfaction with King George
and his lack of response to the
Declaration of Rights - 223separation of powersConstitutional division of powers among
the legislative, executive, and judicial
branches, with the legislative branch
making law, the executive applying and
enforcing the law, and the judiciary
interpreting the law - 224Seven Years' War(1756-1763) war in which England
and Prussia defeated France,
Austria, Russia, Sweden, and
Saxony. Known as French and
Indian War in American History - 225Shay's RebellionA 1787 rebellion in which exRevolutionary
War soldiers
attempted to prevent foreclosures
of farms as a result of high interest
rates and taxes - 226sons of libertyA radical political organization formed
after the passage of the Stamp Act to
protest various British acts; organization
used poth peaceful and violent means of
protest - 227stamp actan act passed by the British parliment in
1756 that raised revenue from the
American colonies by a duty in the form
of a stamp required on all newspapers
and legal or commercial documents - 228tariffsA tax on foreign goods to
protect domestic industries
and earn revenue. - 229tea act1773 act which eliminated import tariffs
on tea entering England and allowed the
British East India Company to sell
directly to consumers rather than
through merchants. Led to the Boston
Tea Party. - 230territorial-nationalistic revolutionA revolution based on the almost religious
idealization of citizenship rather than
ethnicity, where citizens owe allegiance to
their country of birth or adoption. Legal
equality is an essential value of territorialnationalistic
revolutions - 231Thomas JeffersonVirginian, architect, author, governor,
and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote
the Declaration of Independence. Second
governor of Virgina. Third president of
the United States. Designed the buildings
of the University of Virginia. - 232Thomas PaineAmerican Revolutionary leader and
pamphleteer (born in England) who
supported the American colonist's fight
for independence and supported the
French Revolution (1737-1809) - 233Townshend Acts(1767) A set of laws passed by Parliament
after Stamp Act crisis, that stated new
taxes would be applied only to imported
goods, paid at the port of entry. (glass,
tea, paper, lead, etc.) - 234Treaty of Paris (1763)Because the British won, they created this
which made France lose all of the north
American territory, gave the colonists
security from France and Spain and they
got 2 more colonies - 235Treaty of Paris (1783)1783 Februrary 3; American delegates
Franklin, Adams, John Jays; they were
instructed to follow the lead of France; John
Jay makes side treaty with England;
Independence of the US End of Loyalist
persecution; colonies still had to repay its
debt to England - 236Valley ForgePlace where Washington's army
spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th
of troops died here from disease
and malnutriton, Steuben comes
and trains troops - 237Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsWritten anonymously by Jefferson and
Madison in response to the Alien and
Sedition Acts, they declared that states
could nullify federal laws that the states
considered unconstitutional. - 238Virginia Plan"Large state" proposal for the new
constitution, calling for proportional
representation in both houses of a bicameral
Congress. The plan favored larger states and
thus prompted smaller states to come back
with their own plan for apportioning
representation - 239Whiskey Rebellionfarmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against
Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army,
led by Washington, put down the rebellion;
showed that the new government under the
Constitution could react swiftly and
effectively to such a problem - 240XYZ Affairan incident in which French agents
attempted to get bribe and loans from
U.S. diplomats in exchange for an
agreement that French privateers would
no longer attack American ships - 241AlgonquianNative American language
spoken by a large group of
Native tribes living in
Eastern North America - 242American IndiansNative Americans. Residents of
North America prior to the
arrival of the European
immigrants who inhabited the
colonies - 243AnasaziA Native American who lived in
what is now southern Colorado
and Utah and northern Arizona
and New Mexico and who built
cliff dwellings - 244anti-miscegenationprohibited sexual
intercourse or marriage
between persons of
different races - 245Atlantic historiansHistorians who study the flow
of goods plants, animals,
people and ideas between
Europe and North America - 246Atlantic slave tradethe sale of African peoples
as slaves to the Americas - 247Atlantic WorldCountries empires and
people bordering the
Atlantic Ocean from the
1450s to the 19th century - 248AztecA Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico
who created a strong empire that
flourished between the 14th and 15th
century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez
and the Spanish Conquistadores ended
their empire - 249Baron Charles de MontesquieuFrench philosopher
introduced separation of
powers in government - 250Beaver WarsA period of war between the
Dutch and English backed
Iroquoians confederation and
the French packed Algonquian - 251biasthe preferences of prejudices
that a person has; to influences
judgement or perspective, often
in a way that causes prejudice - 252British-American slave economyeconomic system based on
the Atlantic slave trade - 253CalusaA Native American people formerly
inhabiting the southwest coast of
Florida from Tampa Bay to the
Florida Keys. They were extinct by
the mid-18th century - 254Carolinas(1663) founded by eight
noblemen who were rewarded
for loyalty to Charles II and
absorbed overflow population
from Virignia - 255causationrelationship between two
events in which one is the
direct result of the other - 256Chesapeake colonies(Southern Colonies) included Maryland,
Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. Had
a cash crop agriculture, slavery was
important, mostly illiterate, Protestant,
very isolated, high death rates and
unstable families. - 257ChinookAmerican Indian tribe
living in lower Columbia
river area in the pacific
northwest - 258Christopher ColumbusItalian navigator who
discovered the New World in
the service of Spain while
looking for a route to China
(1451-1506) - 259chronological thinking skillsputting events in sequence
and making connections
based on continuity and
change - 260claimA statement or assertion
that is open to challenge
and that requires support - 261Colonial assembliesa legislature government
with members elected
annually by propertied, free
white men - 262colonialismThe settlement of colonies and
the policy used to assert and
keep control over a territory
by a "colonial power" - 263colonizationthe act of sending people to
live in a territory - 264Columbian ExchangeAn exchange of goods, ideas
and skills from the Old World
(Europe, Asia and Africa) to the
New World (North and South
America) and vice versa. - 265comparisonsee how historical events
are similar or different - 266ConquistadoresSpanish 'conqueror' or
soldier in the New World.
They were searching for the
3-G's: gold, God, and glory. - 267contextualizationability to connect historical
events to specific
circumstances - 268continental historiansseeking to restore the
importance of American
Indians to the colonial story - 269correlationA relationship in which two (or
more) variables change together. A
correlation between two variable
does not necessarily mean that one
causes another - 270cultural exchangeSystem in which people
contracted to work on some
one elses land before they
could get their own land - 271Domination of New Englandadministration upon the colonies in New England
region of North America , 1686 - The British
government combined the colonies of
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire,
and Connecticut into a single province headed by a
royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in
1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out
Governor Andros. - 272English Civil waran armed conflict between
the English monarchy and
Parliament - 273Enlightenmentcultural and intellectual
movement - 274ethnographya study of human race and
cultures - 275export economya type of economy in which
it's goods are produced
mainly for export rather
than for domestic use - 276feudalismloosely organized system in
which lords controlled their
lands - 277free labor systemrelies on paid workers who
have a choice on where and
how they work - 278George WhitefieldEnglish preacher church of
England, lad the Great
Awakening to America - 279Glorious RevolutionChange in rule that took
place after James II gave up
the throne. William III and
Mary II - 280Great AwakeningPeriod of religious
enthusiasm. wide read
revivals, increase religious
interests. - 281Harnan Corteswas a Spanish conquistador
who led the expedition to
the Aztecs - 282historical argumentstance or view point that
explains the reasons for an
opinion about a past event - 283historical argumentationability to define and frame a
question about the past and to
address that question through
the construction of an
argument - 284historical evidencePrimary and secondary
sources that support a
historical argument - 285historical narrativea story, based on historical
evidence, that presents
ideas about what happened
in the past - 286historical thinking skillsskills that historian apply to
analyzing evidence and info
to make sence of the past - 287House of Burgesseslaw making body in the
colony of Virginia - 288House of CommonsLower house of British
Parliament. 650 member.
elected by voters - 289Hunting and gathering cultureHow people survived before the
Neolithic revolution; The killing of
wild animals and fish as well as the
gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and
other plants for sustenance. - 290indentured servitudeperson who agreed to work
for a colonial employer for
a specified time in exchange
for passage to america. - 291indigneousnative to a certain area
- 292InuitA member of a people
inhabiting the Arctic (northern
Canada or Greenland or Alaska
or eastern Siberia) - 293IroquoisA group of tribes speaking
related languages living in
the eastern Great Lakes
region. - 294Iroquois Leaguepowerful and important
American Indian people
who formed the league that
today makes up six nations - 295John LockeEnglish philosopher.
Natural rights. Peoples
chose leaders - 296Jonathan EdwardsNew England
congregationalist minister,
important figure in the
Great Awakening - 297Leif ErikssonNorwegian Viking explorer,
was the first European to
explore the Americas. - 298Maryland Toleration Actmandated religious
tolerance for Christians in
Maryland - 299mercantilismtheory that countries
should trade to build up
their stocks of silver and
gold - 300methodologyA set of processes, rules, templates,
& working methods that prescribe
how business analysis, solution
development & implementation is
performed in a particular context. - 301middle coloniesColonies that contained
New York, Delaware, New
Jersey and Pennsylvania - 302Navigation ActsPassed by the English Parliament to
control colonial trade and bolster
the mercantilism system lead to
growing resentment by colonists - 303New England coloniesEnglish colonies that became
the states of Connecticut,
Rhode Island, Massachusetts,
Vermont, New Hampshire, and
Maine. - 304New Netherlandscolony started by the Dutch
in 1624 and taken over by
England in
`674 - 305nomadic(of groups of people)
tending to travel and
change settlements
frequently - 306Parliamentlegislative branch of
government in Great
Britain - 307Patterns of continuity and change over timedynamics of historical
continuity and change over
periods of time and the
relationships - 308Pequottribe of American Indians
who in 17th century
inhabited much of
Connecticut - 309Pequot WarArmed conflict between Pequot
tribe and an alliance of English
colonists of Mass bay and their
North American allies - 310periodizationthe ability to describe, analyze,
evaluate, and construct
models to organize history into
discrete periods - 311pre-ColumbianThe term used when referring
to the various cultures and
civilizations found throughout
North and South America
before the arrival of Columbus - 312primary sourceAn original document containing the
observations, ideas, and conclusions of an
individual. It is a firsthand account
presented by someone present or actively
participating in the event. Examples include
manuscripts, photographs, oral histories,
and personal journals. - 313Proclamation of 1763law stating the British could
not move west of the
Applachain Mountains - 314proximateImmediately preceding or
following, as in a chain or
events, causes, or effects - 315Pueblo IndiansLived in the Southwestern United States.
They built extensive irrigation systems to
water their primary crop, which was
corn. Their houses were multi-storied
buildings made of adobe - 316PuritansProtestant religion group in
16th and 17th century in
England and British
colonies - 317QuakersMembers of the religious
society of Friends - 318representative governmentcitizen elect people to
represent them and run the
government - 319republicanismpolitical point of view. limit
on government power.
offices elected by the people - 320Roger WilliamsEnglish man who founded
the colony of Rhode Island.
Favored fair treatment of
Indians - 321royal chartersdoc issued by monarchy
granting a right or power to
an individual or a complete
entity - 322salutary neglectallowing the colonies to
operate independently and
not have to follow British
laws - 323Scots-IrishPresbyterian and other
protestant groups and Irish
Province ulster - 324separation of powersDivision in powers between
multiple parts of
government - 325Seven Years' WarAn internation conflict
fought in Europe and North
America - 326slaveryA system of enforced
servitude in which some
people are owned by other
people - 327smallpoxA highly contagious viral disease
characterized by fever, weakness,
and skin eruption with pustules that
form scabs; responsible for killing
Native Americans. - 328southern coloniesColonies whose economy was
based upon the plantation
system and slavery - MD, VA,
NC, SC, GA - 329themeA topic of historical identity
that serves as a big idea for
understanding the past - 330theme of America in the worldinfluence on world affairs
- 331theme of environment and geographyexamines roles of
environment and
geography and climate on
shaping human actions - 332theme of ideas, beliefs, and geographyhow ideas beliefs and
expression have played
roles in shaping USA - 333theme of identityhow Americans view
themselves nations identity
and group identity - 334theme of peoplingwhy different groups came
to american and how they
adapted - 335theme of politics and powerthe role of the state in
society and its potential as
an active agents for change - 336theme of work, exchange, and technologydifferent systems and
technology have shaped
america - 337thesisFocus statement of an essay;
premise statement upon which
the point of view or discussion
in the essay is based. - 338triangular tradeA three way system of trade during
1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to
America, America sent Raw
Materials to Europe, and Europe
sent Guns and Rum to Africa - 339validitythe quality of being logically
or factually sound - 340VoltaireFrench Enlightenment
philosopher. strong defense
for civil liberties. separation
of church and state - 341William PennEnglish Quaker who
founded the colony of
Pennsylvania in 1677
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