RAD 100: Patient Care

1 10 100( 1, 10, 100 ) Gy = 100 10 1( 100, 10, 1 ) rad
1 10 100( 1, 10, 100 ) rad = 1 10 100( 1, 10, 100 ) cGy

X-rays can ionize substances by removing electrons from their orbits. This process results in a free, negatively positively( negatively, positively ) charged electron and leaves the remainder of the atom with a positive negative( positive, negative ) charge

Laws of Bergonié and Tribondeau
1. Age. Younger Older( Younger, Older ) cells are more sensitive than older younger( older, younger ) ones.
2. Differentiation. Nonspecialized Highly complex( Nonspecialized, Highly complex ) cells are more sensitive than highly complex nonspecialized( highly complex, nonspecialized ) ones.
3. Metabolic rate. Cells that use energy rapidly slowly( rapidly, slowly ) are more sensitive than those with a slower faster( slower, faster ) metabolism.
4. Mitotic rate. Cells that divide and multiply rapidly are more less( more, less ) sensitive than those that replicate slowly.

Short term effects are associated with high doses greater than 5 50 100 10( 5, 50, 100, 10 ) cGy

Somatic effects Genetic effects( Somatic effects, Genetic effects ): Those that affect the body of the irradiated individual directly
Genetic effects Somatic effects( Genetic effects, Somatic effects ): Occur as a result of damage to the reproductive cells of the irradiated person and may be observed as defects in the children or grandchildren of the irradiated individual

The time required for long-term effects to manifest is generally considered to be 5 1 2 10( 5, 1, 2, 10 ) to 30 15 50 45( 30, 15, 50, 45 ) years, with the greatest percentage occurring between 10 15 5 20( 10, 15, 5, 20 ) and 15 10 20 25( 15, 10, 20, 25 ) years

Genes that are expressed are said to be dominant recessive( dominant, recessive ), and those that are not expressed are called recessive dominant( recessive, dominant ). Mutated genes are usually recessive dominant( recessive, dominant )

For occupationally exposed personnel, the upper effective dose (ED) limit is 50 30 10 20( 50, 30, 10, 20 ) mSv (5 3 1 2( 5, 3, 1, 2 ) rem) per year. This limit applies to workers older than 18 16 21 13( 18, 16, 21, 13 ) years who are not pregnant, and it is assumed to be a whole-body dose. These limits apply to occupational exposure only

Patient dose is directly proportional to the mAs kVp( mAs, kVp )

Shadow shields Contact shields( Shadow shields, Contact shields ): Shields attached to the collimator
Contact shields Shadow shields( Contact shields, Shadow shields ): Shields placed on or near the patient

The top bottom( top, bottom ) of the male shield is placed 0 to 1 inches inferior to the symphysis pubis. The lower upper( lower, upper ) edge of the female shield is placed 0 to 1 inches superior to the symphysis pubis.

Class A Class K Class D Class C Class B( Class A, Class K, Class D, Class C, Class B ): Involves solid common combustibles, such as paper or wood
Class K Class A Class D Class C Class B( Class K, Class A, Class D, Class C, Class B ): Involves cooking media, for example oils and animal fats
Class D Class C Class B Class A Class K( Class D, Class C, Class B, Class A, Class K ): Involve certain combustible solids, such as metal alloys
Class C Class B Class A Class K Class D( Class C, Class B, Class A, Class K, Class D ): Involve electrical equipment or wiring
Class B Class A Class K Class C Class D( Class B, Class A, Class K, Class C, Class D ): Involve flammable liquids or gases

Ergonomics Body mechanics( Ergonomics, Body mechanics ): The study of the human body in relation to the working environment
Body mechanics Ergonomics( Body mechanics, Ergonomics ): The principles of proper body alignment, movement, and balance

The body is most stable when the center of gravity is nearest furthest( nearest, furthest ) the center of the base of support.

Pathogens Normal flora( Pathogens, Normal flora ): Disease causing organisms
Normal flora Pathogens( Normal flora, Pathogens ): Beneficial organisms

Anaerobes Obligate aerobes Facultative organisms( Anaerobes, Obligate aerobes, Facultative organisms ): Bacteria that will not grow in the presence of oxygen
Obligate aerobes Anaerobes Facultative organisms( Obligate aerobes, Anaerobes, Facultative organisms ): Bacteria that require oxygen to grow
Facultative organisms Anaerobes Obligate aerobes( Facultative organisms, Anaerobes, Obligate aerobes ): Bacteria that can adapt and grow under oxygenated and non-oxygenated conditions

Nosocomial infections occur 48 24 72 96( 48, 24, 72, 96 ) hours after being admitted to the hospital

Hepatitis B A C D E( B, A, C, D, E ) is more infectious than hepatitis C A B D E( C, A, B, D, E )

There is only a vaccine for hepatits A B C D E( A, B, C, D, E ) and B A C D E( B, A, C, D, E ); none for C A B D E( C, A, B, D, E )

Attitude Manners Ethnic Culture( Attitude, Manners, Ethnic, Culture ): A state of mind, an opinion, or a feeling often revealed by body position, tone of voice, or other nonverbal signals
Manners Attitude Ethnic Culture( Manners, Attitude, Ethnic, Culture ): Are customs that express respect and are sometimes referred to as the oil that makes daily contacts run smoothly
Ethnic Attitude Manners Culture( Ethnic, Attitude, Manners, Culture ): Characteristics of individuals were originally identified by specific areas of the globe
Culture Attitude Manners Ethnic( Culture, Attitude, Manners, Ethnic ): Is determined by language and by the customs commonly observed

Age specific communication
Neonate and Infant: Birth to 1 year 2 years( 1 year, 2 years )
Toddler: 1 2( 1, 2 ) to 2 4( 2, 4 ) years
Preschooler: 3 5( 3, 5 ) to 5 6( 5, 6 ) years
School age: 6 7( 6, 7 ) to 12 13( 12, 13 ) years
Adolescent: 13 14( 13, 14 ) to 18 17( 18, 17 ) years
Young adult: 19 18( 19, 18 ) to 45 40( 45, 40 ) years
Middle adult: 46 41( 46, 41 ) to 64 65( 64, 65 ) years
Late adult: 65 66( 65, 66 ) to 79 80( 79, 80 ) years
Old adult: 80 81( 80, 81 ) years and older

Virion Prion Fomite Vector Vehicle( Virion, Prion, Fomite, Vector, Vehicle ): A fully developed viral particle made up of genetic material
Prion Virion Fomite Vector Vehicle( Prion, Virion, Fomite, Vector, Vehicle ): Smallest and least understood of all pathogens
Fomite Virion Prion Vector Vehicle( Fomite, Virion, Prion, Vector, Vehicle ): An object that has been in contact with pathogenic organisms
Vector Virion Prion Fomite Vehicle( Vector, Virion, Prion, Fomite, Vehicle ): An arthropod in whose body an infectious organism develops or multiplies before becoming infectious to a new host
Vehicle Virion Prion Fomite Vector( Vehicle, Virion, Prion, Fomite, Vector ): Any medium that transports microorganisms

What is the classification and mode of transmission for the following respiratory diseases?

Giardiasis: Protozoan Bacterium Virus Fungus( Protozoan, Bacterium, Virus, Fungus ) / Vehicle, contact Droplet Airborne( Vehicle, contact, Droplet, Airborne )
Whooping cough: Bacterium Protozoan Virus Fungus( Bacterium, Protozoan, Virus, Fungus ) / Droplet Vehicle, contact Airborne( Droplet, Vehicle, contact, Airborne )
Pneumonia, thrush in infants: Fungus Protozoan Bacterium Virus( Fungus, Protozoan, Bacterium, Virus ) / Droplet Vehicle, contact Airborne( Droplet, Vehicle, contact, Airborne )
Salmonellosis: Bacterium Protozoan Virus Fungus( Bacterium, Protozoan, Virus, Fungus ) / Vehicle, contact Droplet Airborne( Vehicle, contact, Droplet, Airborne )
Tuberculosis: Bacterium Protozoan Fungus Virus( Bacterium, Protozoan, Fungus, Virus ) / Airborne Vehicle, contact Droplet( Airborne, Vehicle, contact, Droplet )
Infectious diarrhea: Bacterium Virus Protozoan Fungus( Bacterium, Virus, Protozoan, Fungus ) / Vehicle, contact Droplet Airborne( Vehicle, contact, Droplet, Airborne )
Mumps: Virus Protozoan Fungus Bacterium( Virus, Protozoan, Fungus, Bacterium ) / Droplet Vehicle, contact Airborne( Droplet, Vehicle, contact, Airborne )
Strep throat: Bacterium Virus Protozoan Fungus( Bacterium, Virus, Protozoan, Fungus ) / Droplet Airborn Vehicle, contact( Droplet, Airborn, Vehicle, contact )
Poliomyelitis: Virus Protozoan Bacterium Fungus( Virus, Protozoan, Bacterium, Fungus ) / Vehicle, contact Airborne Droplet( Vehicle, contact, Airborne, Droplet )
Diphtheria: Bacterium Protozoan Fungus Virus( Bacterium, Protozoan, Fungus, Virus ) / Droplet Vehicle, contact Airborne( Droplet, Vehicle, contact, Airborne )

What is the classification for the following genitourinary tract diseases?

Cystitis, nephritis: Bacterium Virus Fungus Protozoan( Bacterium, Virus, Fungus, Protozoan )
Herpes: Virus Bacterium Fungus Protozoan( Virus, Bacterium, Fungus, Protozoan )
Gonorrhea: Bacterium Virus Protozoan Fungus( Bacterium, Virus, Protozoan, Fungus )
Syphilis: Bacterium Virus Protozoan Fungus( Bacterium, Virus, Protozoan, Fungus )

What is the classification and mode of transmission for the following skin diseases?

Chicken pox, shingles: Virus Bacterium Protozoan Fungus( Virus, Bacterium, Protozoan, Fungus ) / Contact Vehicle Droplet Vector( Contact, Vehicle, Droplet, Vector ), Airborne Droplet Vehicle Vector( Airborne, Droplet, Vehicle, Vector )
Surgical wound infection: Bacterium Virus Protozoan Fungus( Bacterium, Virus, Protozoan, Fungus ) / Contact Airborne Droplet Vehicle( Contact, Airborne, Droplet, Vehicle )
Blisters: Virus Bacterium Protozoan Fungus( Virus, Bacterium, Protozoan, Fungus ) / Contact Airborne Vehicle Vector( Contact, Airborne, Vehicle, Vector )
Boils, wound infection: Bacterium Protozoan Fungus Virus( Bacterium, Protozoan, Fungus, Virus ) / Contact Vehicle Vector Airborne( Contact, Vehicle, Vector, Airborne )
Ringworm, athlete's foot: Fungus Virus Protozoan Bacterium( Fungus, Virus, Protozoan, Bacterium ) / Contact Airborne Vector Droplet( Contact, Airborne, Vector, Droplet )
Measles: Virus Bacterium Protozoan Fungus( Virus, Bacterium, Protozoan, Fungus ) / Airborne Contact Vehicle Vector( Airborne, Contact, Vehicle, Vector )

What is the classification and mode of transmission for the following blood diseases?

Malaria: Protozoan Virus Fungus Bacterium( Protozoan, Virus, Fungus, Bacterium ) / Vectors Vehicle Airborne Droplet( Vectors, Vehicle, Airborne, Droplet )
Typhoid fever: Bacterium Protozoan Fungus Virus( Bacterium, Protozoan, Fungus, Virus ) / Vehicle Airborne Vectors Droplet( Vehicle, Airborne, Vectors, Droplet ), Contact Airborne Droplet Vectors( Contact, Airborne, Droplet, Vectors )

Passive Immunity Acquired immunity Natural resistance( Passive Immunity, Acquired immunity, Natural resistance ): Occurs following an injection of performed antibodies to a particular infection
Acquired immunity Passive immunity Natural resistance( Acquired immunity, Passive immunity, Natural resistance ): Occurs when an individual develops antibodies to a particular organism as a result of either infection or immunization
Natural resistance Acquired immunity Passive immunity( Natural resistance, Acquired immunity, Passive immunity ): Provided by mechanical barriers of intact skin and mucous membranes

Disinfection Sterilization( Disinfection, Sterilization ): The destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials
Sterilization Disinfection( Sterilization, Disinfection ): Treating items with heat, gas, or chemicals to make them germ free

Health care workers and visitors entering the room of an infectious person under airborne precaution must wear masks that can filter particles that are 1 2 0.5 5( 1, 2, 0.5, 5 ) microns in size.