The secondary stage of syphilis
is when the patient is no longer infectious to others.
occurs within 10 days of the primary stage.
is a time when the pathogen enters and multiplies in the blood.
has no symptoms.
is when gummas develop in tissues.
During which stage of syphilis does fever, lymphadenopathy, and a red to brown rash occur?
primary
secondary
tertiary
latent
All of the choices are correct
Permanent cardiovascular and neurological damage is seen in which stage of syphilis?
Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira are all
obligate parasites requiring host cells.
curved rods.
transmitted by arthropod vectors.
spirochetes.
bacteria without cell walls.
Yaws, Pinta, and Bejel are all diseases that
are slow, progressive skin diseases that can spread to deep tissues.
are sexually transmitted.
are caused by arthropod vectors.
are caused by Vibrio species
are respiratory tract infections.
Infected animals shed Leptospira interrogans in their
feces
blood
urine
respiratory secretions
saliva
Leptospirosis has all the following characteristics except
most common in cattle, horses, pigs, and dogs
pathogen is a spirochete
infects kidneys, liver, brain, eyes
humans acquire it by contact with abraided skin or mucous membranes
can be transmitted by animal bites
Relapsing fever involves
soft-bodied ticks transmitting Borrelia hermsii.
initial symptoms of fever, headache, fatigue.
late symptoms of vomiting, muscle aches, damage to liver, spleen, heart and kidneys.
human body louse transmitting Borrelia recurrentis.
All of the choices are correct.
The causative agent of Lyme disease is
Ixodes scapularis
Borrelia hermsii
Borrelia burgdorferi
Ixodes pacificus
Leptospira interrogans
Erythema migrans, a bull's-eye rash, at the portal of entry is associated with
syphilis
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
relapsing fever
Lyme disease
leptospirosis
The Argyll Robertson pupil that is fixed and small, and does not react to light but does accommodate for focusing is associated with
chlamydiosis
tertiary syphilis
The white-footed mouse, deer, and deer ticks are important to maintaining the enzootic transmission cycle associated with
Control of rodent populations is important for preventing
tick-borne relapsing fever
ornithosis
epidemic typhus
Q fever
Lyme disease involves
early symptoms of fever, headache, stiff neck.
crippling polyarthritis and cardiovascular and neurological problems.
people having contact with wooded or forested areas.
treatment with antimicrobics.
The RPR, VDRL, MHA-TP, FTA-ABS, and TPI tests are used to diagnose
lyme disease
The virulence of Vibrio cholerae is due to its
capsule
neurotoxin
invasive enzymes
enterotoxin
Cholera symptoms are
copious watery diarrhea
loss of blood volume
acidosis, sunken eyes, thirst
hypotension, tachycardia, shock
The most immediate and important treatment needed to prevent death in Cholera victims is
water and electrolyte replacement
antimicrobics
antitoxin
surgery
None of the choices are correct
An organism found in coastal waters that causes a food infection and gastroenteritis due to a variety of contaminated raw and undercooked seafood is
Chlamydia trachomatis
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio cholerae
Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori
In patients with diabetes or liver disease, ingestion of raw oysters contaminated with this organism can lead to death
Vibrio vulnificus
"Rice water stools" are associated with disease caused by this organism:
Helicobacter pylori causes
gastritis
duodenal ulcers
stomach ulcers
increased risk for stomach cancer
Which is NOT a characteristic of Helicobacter pylori?
gram negative
produces enteroxin that causes diarrhea
curved rods
lives in the stomach
produces urease that buffers stomach acidity
All of the following are characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni except
it is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated chicken, meat, milk, and water.
it causes fever and a watery to bloody diarrhea.
it infects the stomach.
it produces an enterotoxin that stimulates diarrhea.
it has gram negative curved rods with darting motility.
Characteristics of rickettsias include
obligate parasites requiring host cells for growth.
arthropods serve as life cycle hosts and vectors.
gram negative coccobacilli.
host cells are required for ATP metabolism.
The pathogenesis of rickettsial infections often involves infection of
endothelial lining of blood vessels
gastrointestinal lining
dermis of the skin
stomach mucosa
urinary tract
Which is mismatched?
epidemic typhus – body louse feces
murine typhus – flea feces
rickettsial pox – mite bite
Rocky Mountain spotted fever – tick bite
human ehrlichiosis – flea bite
is seen in highest numbers along the west coast.
is transmitted by Ixodes ticks
has symptoms that include fever, headache and rash.
never has severe complications.
All of the following pertain to erhlichiosis except
it is transmitted by Amblyomma and Ixodes ticks.
it causes infection of monocytes.
it causes infection of granulocytes.
has symptoms that include fever, headache, and muscle pains.
the disease is showing a decreased incidence.
Which is incorrect regarding Q fever?
transmitted by lice
pathogen produces resistant spores
humans infected from unpasteurized milk and airborne spread
causes fever, muscle aches, rash, and sometimes pneumonia
is a zoonosis
Rickettsia rickettsii – epidemic typhus
Coxiella burnetii – Q fever
Bartonella quintana – trench fever
Bartonella henselae – cat scratch disease
Rickettsia typhi – endemic (murine) typhus
The following are characteristics of Chlamydias except
obligate parasites that need host cells for growth
elementary bodies are the infectious form
elementary bodies lack enzyme systems for making ATP
reticulate bodies differentiate into elementary bodies
Chlamydia trachomatis causes
nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in males.
cervicitis in females.
congenital and adult inclusion conjunctivitis.
ocular trachoma.
Ornithosis is
caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae.
a zoonosis of certain types of birds
a mild, upper respiratory tract illness.
has humans as a reservoir for the pathogen.
Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by
specific strains of Chlamydia trachomatis
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Mycoplasma hominis
Chlamydia psittaci
Chlamydia pneumoniae.
Which is incorrect about Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
has birds as a reservoir
common cause of primary atypical pneumonia
initially causes fever, malaise, sore throat, headache
after 2 to 3 weeks develops into an unproductive cough and earache
is a bacterial cell without a cell wall
Oral flora bacteria on the tooth surface
develop a biofilm.
use fimbriae and slime layers to adhere.
include streptococci that metabolize sucrose, produce sticky glucans, and form plaque.
lactobacilli and streptococci ferment carbohydrates and produce acids that cause caries.
Gingivitis is
primarily caused by anaerobic oral flora.
erosion of tooth enamel causing a lesion.
caused by Streptococcus mutans
also called NUG.
None of the choices are correct.
Ureaplasma urealyticum is implicated in which of the following?
nongonococcal urethritis
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
periodontal disease
endemic typhus
All of the following can positively influence the structure of tooth enamel except
fluoride
lysozyme in saliva
antibodies in saliva
refined sugar
genetics.
Treponema vincentii, Bacteroides forsythus, and fusobacteria synergistically are involved in which infection?
gingivitis
necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)
yaws
caries
Which of the following distinguishes syphilis from yaws?
Syphilis is caused by a spirochete
Syphilis has a primary, secondary, and tertiary stages.
Syphilis is sexually transmitted.
Syphilis is treated with antibiotics.
Syphilis is a slow and progressive disease.
Which of the following are other names for yaws?
bouba
frambesia tropica
patek
Hutchinson's teeth are
a symptom of untreated Lyme disease.
a symptom of untreated periodontal disease.
a symptom of ANUG.
a symptom of congenital syphilis.
a symptom of congenital Chlamydia trachomatis.
The tertiary stage of syphilis
is when the patient is highly infectious to others.
is when a chancre develops.
Which is incorrect about Lyme disease?
It is a new disease that started in Lyme, Connecticut.
Its reservoirs are mice and deer
It is transmitted by ticks.
It is nonfatal.
It can slowly progress and mimic rheumatoid conditions.
Which of the following diseases could be prevented with proper sewage disposal and water purification?
Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis
Vibrio vulnificus gastroenteritis
Cholera
Leptospirosis
Which is incorrect about Leptospirosis?
It can be avoided by not swimming in livestock watering ponds.
A vaccine is not available.
Its principle targets are the kidneys, liver, brain, and eyes.
It is a zoonosis.
Weil's syndrome occurs during the second phase of the disease.
Which bacteria could be responsible for hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?
enterotoxigeic strains of E. coli
Salmonella
Shigella dysenteriae
E. coli 0157:H7
enteroinvasive E. coli
Which of the following is not correct concerning Legionnaires disease?
L. pneumophila lives in close associations with free-living amebas.
The disease is communicable from person to person.
Symptoms include cough, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
. It is more common in males over 50 years of age.
Cases have been traced to the fallout from the Mount Saint Helen's volcano.
Which of the following is not correct concerning the plague?
Mice, voles and other rodents are primary long-term reservoirs.
Strains of the plague bacillus are less virulent today as in the Middle Ages
It is transmitted by flea vectors.
Less than 10 cases per year occur in the US.
The etiological agent is Yersinia pestis.
What is the usual cause of pseudomembranous colitis?
improperly home-preserved foods containing botulin toxin
eating unpasteurized dairy containing Listeria monocytogenes
handling infected animals contaminated with E. rhusiopathiae
therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics leading to superinfection by C. difficile
living in close contact with someone infected with C. perfringens
Which of the following may be recommended for treating gangrene?
debridement of the wound
hyperbaric chamber
amputation of affected limb
rigorous cleansing of deep wounds
Mild, uncomplicated cases of pseudomembranous colitis may be treated by
debridement
wound cleansing
vancomycin for several weeks
withdrawal of antibiotics and replacement of lost fluids and electrolytes
Viruses have all the following except
definite shape
metabolism
genes
ability to infect host cells
ultramicroscopic size
Host cells of viruses include
human and other animals
plants and fungi
bacteria
protozoa and algae
The core of every virus particle always contains
DNA
capsomers
enzymes
DNA and RNA
either DNA or RNA
Classification of viruses into families involves determining all the following characteristics except
type of nucleic acid
type of capsid
presence of an envelope
biochemical reactions
nucleic acid strand number
Which of the following represents a virus family name?
Herpes simplex virus
Herpesviridae
Picornavirus
Enterovirus
Hepatitis B virus
Virus capsids are made from subunits called
envelopes
spikes
capsomeres
prophages
peplomers
Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus
spike
capsomere
envelope
capsid
core
Which of the following is correct about viruses?
cannot be seen with a light microscope
are procaryotic
contain 70S ribosomes
undergo binary fission
can be grown on nutrient agar
All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except they
gained as a virus leaves the host cell membrane.
gained as a virus leaves the nuclear membrane.
contain special virus proteins.
help the virus particle attach to host cells.
located between the capsid and nucleic acid.
Which of the following is not associated with every virus?
nucleic acid
genome
These structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors
sheath
tail fibers
capsid head
Which is incorrect about prophages?
present when the virus is in lysogeny
formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome
replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny
cause lysis of host cells
occur when temperate phages enter host cells
T-even phages
include the poxviruses
infect Escherichia coli cells
enter host cells by engulfment
have helical capsids
The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is
penetration, replication, maturation, adsorption, assembly, release.
replication, penetration, maturation, assembly, absorption, release.
adsorption, penetration, replication, maturation, assembly, release
assembly, maturation, replication, release, penetration, adsorption.
adsorption, release, maturation, replication, assembly, penetration.
The event that occurs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not occur in animal virus replication is
adsorption to the host cells
injection of the viral nucleic acid into the host cell
host cell synthesis of viral enzymes and capsid proteins
assembly of nucleocapsids
replication of viral nucleic acid
Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during
replication
assembly
adsorption
release
penetration
Which of the following will not support viral cultivation?
live lab animals
embryonated bird eggs
primary cell cultures
continuous cell cultures
blood agar
In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____.
nucleus, cytoplasm
cytoplasm, cell membrane
cell membrane, cytoplasm
cytoplasm, nucleus
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
Host range is limited by
type of nucleic acid in the virus
age of the host cell
type of host cell receptors on cell membrane
size of the host cell
The virus-induced, specific damage to the host cell that can be seen in a light microscope is called
lysogeny
budding
plaques
cytopathic effects
pocks
Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called
Viral growth in bird embryos can cause discrete, opaque spots in the embryonic membranes called
Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called
oncogenic
prions
viroids
delta agents
Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect?
inclusions in the nucleus
multinucleated giant cells.
inclusions in the cytoplasm
cells round up
Uncoating of viral nucleic acid
does not occur in bacteriophage multiplication
involves enzymatic destruction of the capsid
occurs during penetration in the multiplication cycle
occurs before replication
Infectious protein particles are called
phages
oncogenic viruses
Infectious naked strands of RNA are called
Creutzfeld-Jacob disease is
caused by a chronic latent virus
initiated by an oncogenic virus
caused by a viroid
a spongiform encephalopathy of humans
also called "mad cow disease".
Satellite viruses are
also called viroids
dependent on other viruses for replication
the cause of spongiform encephalopathies
significant pathogens of plants
All of the following is correct about treating viral diseases except
viruses are killed by the same antibiotics that kill bacteria
many antiviral drugs block viral replication
many antiviral drugs cause severe side effects
interferons show potential for treating and preventing viral infections
The capsomers are made of
RNA
Lipids
Protein
Carbohydrate
Viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid are considered
simple viruses
complex viruses
naked viruses
incomplete viruses
The nucleocapsid consists of
the capsomers assembled into the capsid
the nucleic acid of the virus only
the nucleic acid along with the capsid
the envelope and capsid
the envelope, nucleic acid and caspid
Which of the following parts of a virus is not always present?
None of the choices are optional parts of a virus
When a virus enters a lysogenic phase, it means
the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host cell and is latent.
the virus is bursting through the host cell membrane.
the virus is starting biosynthesis of its nucleic acid.
the virus will remain in circulation and not continue infecting its host.
the number of viruses in the host is decreasing as the immune system becomes effective.
All of the following are characteristics of viruses except
they can be crystallized.
they often have a geometric capsid
they have a viscous fluid inside their capsids
they can cause fatal diseases.
they can cause mild diseases.
