BIO 1152 Exam 2 Review

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Exam 2 Review (Part 1)

Chapters 32, 33, 34

Biology 1152

Chapter 32

Name 3 characteristics of organisms in the Animalia Kingdom.

Describe animal cells.

What are the oldest ancestors shared with animals?

What are they closest living relatives of animals? Why?

Choanoflagellates are like some___________ _____________.

Where will you not find these similar cells?

Which two DNA are similar and NOT found in other protists?

How old are the first animal fossils?

What are primitive sponges and jellyfish an example of?

Name the most famous Cambrian fossils from Canada. What were they?

What were major events in evolution that altered animal development? What did this produce?

Which have a simpler life cycle, animals or plants? Illustrate the cycle:

What is cleavage?

Describe what cleavage creates:

Which direction do the cells begin to grow? What is this? What is its opening called?

What are the different embryonic tissue layers that cells differentiate into?

What is this process called and what does it create?

Describe what the "pocket" does in some animals and what is becomes after a couple of stages.

What are 4 important results of variations in development?

How many types of symmetry are present in animals? Describe them and give examples:

What is cephalization?

Describe the 3 different variations animals produce:

What are the adult tissues from embryonic tissues? Describe them:

Name some organisms that do not produce an embryonic tissue. What do they lack?

What types of animals have body cavities?

What are the 3 coelom variations?

Eucoelomates have which type of body cavity? Where do they form?

What is the term that translates to "without coelom?

What organism is considered to have a "false" body cavity? Where does this cavity form?

What are the functions the body cavities have?

Explain why "true" and "false" body cavities are not indications of animal relatedness:

How many developmental modes do tripoblastic animals have? What are they and describe their differences:

Which cleavage is considered determined and the other indeterminate? When are their cell's fate decided?

What happens to the mesoderm in protostomes?

Where are the mesoderm pockets located where the coelom forms, then buds off?

What do the blastopores develop into in protostomes? in deuterostomes? In which organisms does this occur?

How were relationships in animal phyllogeny inferred?

What is gathering evidence supporting new views of animal relatedness?

What group is considered most primitive?

Bilateria are considered to be a ________.

What are Echinoderms and which group are they related to?

What is considered to have the biggest disagreement in animal relatedness?

What are the protostome clades?

Wclade contains animals with a lophophore and/or a trophophore larva?

Which clade of animals shed an outer skeleton?

What are the 9 major clades in their latin names?

Chapter 33

Draw out the Animal Phylogeny

What are 95% of animals?

Which two clades are part of the 1st major division?

What are the factors contributing to animal diversity?

What clade are sponges a part of?

What makes up a sponge?

What are several cell types living and working together?

Explain why sponges were once thought to be plants.

Describe Pinacocytes.

Choanocytes ae flagellated cells with a ________________.

What does the beating flagella create?

What moves through the mesophyll? What do they do? What do they produce?

What makes up a sponge's non-living skeleton?

What are the 3 sponge cell types? Describe them.

What do the Amoebocytes produce? What does it contain?

Sponges are ______________.

What are sponge gametes produced by?

What is held within the mesophyll?

What is the oscullum?

Do sponges produce embryonic tissues? What does this mean?

Which phylum consists of the Eumetazoan lineage? What are some of its organisms?

What type of symmetry makes up Cnidarians?

The epidermis is an ___________ surrounding which interior sac?

The GVC has ________ opening which functions as ________?

Where can you find cnidocytes? What are these groups? Where are they found?

What is a nematocyst?

What are different groups of cnidarians based on?

Describe the primitive nervous system.

What stage is dominant in hydra?

True or False? : Most jellyfish are harmful to humans.

What is an example of a cnidarian that has lost its medula stage? What do they produce instead?

What type of relationship do algae have with coral?

What are corals?

What type of reef do they secrete around the colony?

Where will you find corals?

Which clade are the remaining animals a part of?

What do animals in the Lophotrochozoa clade have? What are its 3 phyla?

Flatworms are a part of which phylum? What do their body plans look like?

Flatworms are small and _________.

What is missing on flatworms?

What do flatworms have to osmoregulate?

Explain flatworms in relation to their surrounding concentration.

Many ___________ are free-living.

Which flatworms are dangerous?

Which phylum has bilateral symmetry, is tripoblastic, a eucoelomate, and protostome?

What are its major body regions?

Name some examples of mollusks and provide the number of shells they contain.

What are cephalopods? Describe why they are so unique.

True of False? : Flatworms have a better developed organ system than mollusks.

What are the heart and vessels used for in mollusks?

What causes mollusks to be more efficient in extracting nutrients?

What is one important synapomorphy of the phylum Annelida?

What type of symmetry do Annelida have?

What are the feautures of a Annelida's body plan?

What are the most familiar annelids important in soil ecosystems?

What are the earthworm's digestive tract designed to eat? What is this called?

What is the metanephrida used for?

What type of circulatory system do they have?

What is another name for marine worms?

What are the appendages that make up the segmented body? What are their functions?

What group are leeches a part of?

What is the expendable feature in their digestive tract?

Create a table of all major groups and phyla with their symmetry types, body cavity/number of tissues, clade, and whether they are protostome or deuterostome:

PHYLUM SYMMETRY BODY CAVITY/# TISSUES CLADE PROTOSTOME/DEUTEROSTOME

Create a phylogenic tree with all significant evolutionary events/feautures with clades, phyla, and any subphyla. Describe significant features of each.

Which phylum shed an outer cuticle? What does this cuticle get shed through?

What are two successful phyla?

In the phylum In the phylum Nematoda, which organisms have no segmentation?

What are the 4 features of a roundworm's body plan?

What is the tough outer covering that nematodes shed?

What type of pressure is the fluid in the pseudocoelom under? What acts against this pressure?

Where will you find free-living earthworms?

Nematodes have a complete __________ _________.

What does a larval arthropod look like? List features of an arthropod's body plan.

What are the body regions of an arthropod? List its functions.

What is the tough layer that covers arthropods? What is it made of? Is it living or non-living?

What type of systems will you find in an arthropod?

Name some structures that make up an arthropod's sensory system.

What is pushed through the body by the heart?

Where will you find a trachae system?

What are chelicerates? How many legs do they have?

What are chelicerae?

These have less specialized body regions and contain jaw-like mandibles, what are they? Name some examples.

What are some examples of crustaceans? What do they have two pairs of?

Name some examples of terrestrial crustaceans.

What are the most diverse group of arthropods? Describe their features. Where are they rare to find?

Which clade do Echinodermata belong to?

What does it mean to be a deuterostome?

What group are Echinoderms closely related to?

What kind of symmetry do Echinodermata have? What do their larvae represent? Describe their feautures.

What are echnoderms?

What is a vascular system used for? Describe how it works and provide an example of an organism that uses it.

What type of animals can regenerate? How do they move?

How do brittle stars move?

Describe endoskeleton.

What happens to the ossicles in sea urchins?

Describe what evisceration is in detail.

How many rows of feet do sea cucumbers have?

Name an echinoderm that is sessile and a suspension feeder.

How many sub-phyla are in Phylum Chordata? What are they?

What are the synapomorphies of chordates? Describe them.

Frogs and apes (humans included) do not have __________.

Describe at least 8 of 11 characteristics chordates share.

Draw the specific phylogenic tree of Chordates:

Subphylum Cephalochordata have....?

What are somites?

What are tunicates? Describe what a tunic is.

Which two subphyla contain the same genes for the heart, thyroid, and brain development? What type of evolution is this present in?

Chapter 34

What are vertebrates?

What does it mean to become encephalized?

What do not all vertebrates have? What is a better name for this?

What do vertebrates have multiple sets of?

Neural crest cells originate on ___________ ____________, which then form....?

What does vestigial mean?

What becomes modified in vertebrates? What do they form?

What is one suspension feeder from subphylum Vertebrata?

What does primitive mean?

What class are hagfish a part of?

Hagfish are ___________ vertebrates.... what does this mean?

What are cartilaginous skulls? What do their scavenges have?

What is lamprey?

Describe Petromyzontida and their life cycle.

*BONUS: What caused trout population to decline? *

Which clade involves vertebrates with jaws and mineralized skeletons?

What are a critical step in vertebrate evolution? What do these do? Where did they likely evolve from?

What were some early gnathostomes?

Describe what a lateral line system is.

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Exam 2 Review (Part 1) continued...

Chapters 32, 33, 34

Biology 1152

Chapter 34 (continued)

What is a derived condition shared among the class Chondrichthyes?

What are the largest suspension feeders?

What do sharks have?

What abilities does this allow?

What is the largest shark on Earth?

What types of reproduction do sharks exhibit?

What do all sharks have?

What is oviparous fertilization?

What happens in oviviparous fertilization?

Which sharks give birth to young, nourished placenta?

Draw out the phylogenic tree for Vertebrta subphyla.

Which clade are "bony fish" a part of?

What are bony fish?

How do fish breathe?

What are the muscles attached to a fish's gills to help its breathing be efficient?

What do some fish have that serve a purpose for buoyancy and what is it similar to in human anatomy?

What are the two major types of bony fish?

What does Actinopterygii mean?

What supports the fins?

What are the Lobe-finned fish?

What supports their fins?

What do Sarcopterygii use to swim/walk in shallow areas?

Name some examples of Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii.

What are tetrapods?

What do gnathostomes with limbs have?

What evolved from Lobe-finned fish?

What is Tiktaalik and where was it found?

What is a "fishapod"?

Why should thin-walled, fish-like eggs be laid in water?

Which class contains modern Amphibians?

What are they most similar to?

Amphibians adapted to ___________ but remained dependent on water.

What kind of skin do Amphibians have? What are its features?

What kind of eggs do Amphibians have?

Is fertilization internal or external?

What are 3 examples of Amphibians?

What term describes all remaining vertebrates?

What is an amniotic egg?

What are the membranes and functions in an amniotic egg?

Where can amniotic eggs be laid?

What kind of skin do amniotes have? What are its features?

Which clade includes snakes, lizards, tuaturas, crocodiles, turtles, and birds?

What are most reptiles? What does this mean?

What did modern reptiles evolve with from ancestors?

What are the amniote skulls and what are they classified by?

What does each amniote skull type represent?

What are turtles an example of?

What are 3 examples of closely related reptiles? What distinguished a lizard from a snake?

Which 3 relatives are closely related to each other than to other things?

Birds are really weird __________________.

What is the body of a bird remoled for?

Large ___________________ ___________________________ are attached to a keeled __________________.

Birds weigh a lot less, explain why.

What kinds of lungs do birds have?

What do birds lack that humans have?

What is the term for a bird's ability to energize and store body heat?

What are the 3 fossils you should remember?

What did many dinosaurs have? Why do you think that is?

What did birds evolve from?

Which birds lost flying capabilities?

Which birds are most diverse? What is its common name?

Which class contains amniotes with 4 distinguishing features?

What are those synapomorphies and their functions?

Which ancestors are mammals derived from?

2 inner ear bones derived from ______________________.

What are major mammal lineages?

Which mammals lay eggs, have hair, and produce milk?

What do Monotremes lack? Give an example of some monotremes.

Marsupials are ___________________, which means what?

Where do Marsupials finish development?

Give an example of marsupials that drink milk from nipples.

These are placental, what are they called?

What do Eutharians have?

Describe the feautures of a Eutharian.

What order do Humans belong to?

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Exam 2 Review (Part 2)

Chapters 40, 41, 42

Biology 1152

Chapter 40

What is animal structure?

What is physiology?

Which two factors are interrelated?

What is NOT implied when highlighting similarities between form and function in animal bodies?

What do form and function result in?

What is a vital aspect of human life?

What does the amount of exchange require?

What allows most animals to have their cells be in close contact with the environment?

How many cell layers do Hydras have?

How thin are flatworms?

What kind of SA do animals with thicker systems and are larger?

What do most animals evolved with specialized organ systems have?

Describe the features animals have with high SA.

Which fluids are in simpler animals? And in complex forms?

Which system distributes wastes and nutrients?

What are tissues?

What are tissues in functional units?

What is an organ system?

What are the 11 major organ systems?

How many tissues compose animal organs/bodies? What are they?

Which tissue covers the outside surfaces of the body or organs and cavities?

Which tissues is very thin and lines blood vessels and air sacs?

Where can these be found?

What is a "simple" tissue?

Which cell is football shaped?

Describe a simple cuboidal cell. What is it specialized for?

Which cells are tall and column-shaped? Describe its specialization and where it can be found.

What does "stratified" mean?

What are stratified squamous cells? Where can they be found?

What is one of the most diverse tissue types? How are they packed?

What secretes fibers into matrix?

Describe the types of fibroblasts.

What are the connective tissue types? Describe their differences.

How is bone produced?

What are osteons?

What happens when you break a bone?

Which tissue stores fat?

What is cartilage? How does it heal?

What is plasma?

Which cell types makeup blood?

What is made up of contractile cells?

What are muscles responsible for?

What are the different types of muscle tissue?

What attaches skeletal muscle to bone?

What are skeletal muscles responsible for?

Which muscles have involuntary movement? Where can they be found?

How do smooth muscles contract?

What is cardiac muscle?

How do muscle fibers connect to each other?

Which tissue receives and transmits info?

What is a neuron?

What are support cells?

What is the term describing how all tissues and organs function as units? How is it accomplished?

What is the endocrine system?

What do cells have that specifically respond to a hormone's presence?

What kind of system does the endocrine system have....what does this mean?

What is the nervous system?

Which cells can receive nerve signals?

What are animals concerned about maintaining in their bodies?How do they succeed in doing so?

Describe the difference between regulators and conformers?

How do animals detect changes?

What do stimuli trigger?

How can animals maintain homeostasis.....describe each system. Provide examples.

T or F: Homeostatic conditions never change over time.

What changes daily that contributes to changing homeostatic conditions? What are they linked to?

What is one of the most important aspects of maintaining homeostasis?

How does thermoregulation work?

What happens to enzymes at higher temperatures?

How is heat obtained in animals?

What are birds and mammals?

Which organisms are considered ectotherms?

How are ectotherms heated?

How do endotherms obtain heat?

List the advantages of endothermy.

What is a big cost endotherms pay when their metabolisms are constantly running?

Which organisms have a much lower energy cost?

How long can ectotherms go without feeding?

List disadvantages to ectothermy.

What are homeotherms and how are they dfferent from poikiliotherms?

Why are the terms "cold blooded" and "warm blooded" not very useful?

What does thermoregulation depend on?

What are the processes that transfer heat? Describe them.

What do animals have that balance the 4 processes?

Which way does heat always flow in the processes?

Where will you find insulation? What is its function?

CHAPTER 40 (continued)

Describe the surface blood vessels movement in warm and cold environments.

How is blood moving to reduce heat loss?

What is a countercurrent exchange system?

In which organisms is heat transferred to neighboring blood vessels that flow in opposite directions?

Where does heat exchange occur?

What is one way endotherms cool? Why does it work well?

What can endotherms do to increase heat produced by their metabolism?

What does increased muscle contraction cost?

What is non-shivering thermogenesis? Give an example of a major site of this.

What do all animals use to thermoregulate?

Why do animals have varying energy budgets?

Do larger bodies require more or less energy?

What adaptation for energy conservation have hummingbirds and chickadees evolved with?

What is torpor?

What is hibernation?

What drops during hibernation?

Do bears hibernate?

What is the greater siren an example of?

What is summer hibernation?

What are the 3 major adaptations animals have evolved with for energy conservation?

CHAPTER 41

What do animals obtain from their food?

What do all animals do?

What different things do animals ingest?

What is a skunk an example of?

What are the main classes that contain essential nutrients?

What are the proteins in most meat and what do they contain?

What are the few, easy to obtain essential nutrients found in seeds and grains?

What are the major vitamin classes? What are their functions? Which are fat/water soluble?

What are minerals?

Are cofactors organic or inorganic substances?

What is malnutrition? How is it different from undernutrition?

What are the stages of food processing in the correct order?

What are sea lillies?

Give an example of a filter feeder?

What are deposit feeders? Give an example.

Which animals suck body fluids to satisfy nutritional needs?

Describe the different mechanisms used by animals to ingest food.

What do bulk feeders ingest?

What must occur after food is ingested?

What occurs in sponges and protists?

Which phylum have food digested extracellularly, mostly intracellularly? What is this the start of?

What is the act of smooth muscles contracting?

What aids digestion in a mammal's organ?

What are spincters?

What do teeth begin in the oral cavity? Name them.

What is heterdonty?

What releases enzymes to begin chemical digestion?

Which enzyme breaks up complex carbohydrates?

What lubricates the bolus? What is the bolus?

What senses chemical components of food?

Where do the oral and naval cavities combine?

What does the pharynx lead to?

Which passage is used for respiration and which is used for digestion?

What is the "gatekeeper"?

What does the esophagus lead through to the stomach?

What is this the main site of?

Where is our ph far from 7?

What is secreted by parietal cells?

What is pepsin?

What breaks peptide bonds?

What do chief cells do in pepsin?

What is lumen?

Where does the chyme exit?

What are the parts of the small intestine?

Where is the pancreas located?

What does it do?

What is trypsin?

What produces bile?

Where is bile stored?

What releases digestive enzymes?

Describe what we need from our food.

Draw out a chylomicron.

Why is the small intestine highly folded?

What are projections?

What kind of epithelial tissue is this?

What are substances absorbed by?

What is the hepatic portal vein?

Where are things sent first?

What is a lacteal?

What is insoluble in water?

What are water soluble "globules"?

What is the large intestine?

What is the appendix made of?

What is cecum?

What turns chyme into feces?

What is the colon's functions?

What happens when you have dhirrea?

What lives in the colon?

What is folic acid?

What is the anal sphincter?

CHAPTER 41 (continued)

Which is harder to digest, animal or plant material?

Which animals have expandable stomach with shorter tracts?

What kind of digestive tracts do herbivores have?

What does digestion rely on?

What does a termite's diet consist of?

What are ruminants and what do they have?

What do cows release when they fart?

What is controlled tightly?

What do all body tissues require?

Where is glucose delivered?

Which hormones control storage of glucose?

What is built from glucose in the liver?

What is insulin?

What do animals use to run their metabolism?

What happens to excess chemical energy?

Where is glycogen stored?

When is glucose released?

What is glucagon?

Where is fat stored?

What is broken down 1st when needed?

What happens when glycogen is tightly stored?

What is over nourishment?

Which two substances are involved in gas exchange with the environment and animals?

Which goes in and which goes out?

What does nonpolar mean?

At which speed do these diffuse?

What must animals be in close contact with?

Is a unicellular organism's SA/V ratio small or large?

What body forms do cnidarians have?

Where are gases exchanged?

What forms do Platyhelminthes have?

What do thicker animals need?

What does the heart do?

Which animals have an open circulatory system?

What fluid bathes organs directly?

Describe a closed circulatory system?

Which system costs more energy?

Give examples of animals with each type of circulatory system.

What does the heart do?

What carries blood away from the heart?

What are arterioles?

What are venules?

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CHAPTER 41 (continued)