Its volume can reach up to 5% of TBW in some normal humans

Its volume is affected by dehydration and overhydration .

t is a specialized type of ICF

it is the same as interstitial fluid

Its compositions differs markedly from that of plasma and interstitial fluid .

-6

-7.5

-40

-19

-30

The gain of the feedback mechanism

Negative feedback mechanism

Positive feedback mechanism

Integrated response

Disturbance of feedback control

Potentiating(strengthening) of the positive feedback mechanism

Blocking the positive feedback mechanism

Helping the negative feedback mechanism

Helping the organ to increase its function

Blocking the stimulus of the feedback mechanism

30 mOsm/L

1 mOsm/L

3 mOsm/L

4 mOsm/L

7 mOsm/L

Transport of glucose across the cell membran

Transport of CO2 across the cell membrane

Transport of Na ion through Na-K pump

Co-transport of Cl ion through Na-Cl channel

Counter transport of H+ and K+ by H+ pump

The osmotic pressure

The partial pressure of the specific gas

The concentration gradient

The temperature

The kinetic energy

2 millimole of fructose

1 millimole of KCl

5 millimole of glucose

2 millimole of CaCl2

2 millimole of albumin

1 L of 0.9% sodium chloride solution

1 L of 0.45% sodium chloride solution

1 L of 3% sodium chloride solution

1 L of 5% fructose solution

1 L of pure water

Pressure gradient across the vessel

Radius of the vessel

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Viscosity of the blood

Plasma sodium concentration

Blood flow (ml/min) pressure gradient (mm Hg)

1000 100

Blood flow (ml/min) pressure gradient (mm Hg)
1200 60

Blood flow (ml/min) pressure gradient (mm Hg)
1400 20

Blood flow (ml/min) pressure gradient (mm Hg)
1600 80

Blood flow (ml/min) pressure gradient (mm Hg)
1800 40

Calculates the diffusion potential .

Calculates the membrane potential under the effect of more than one ion

Calculates the equilibrium potential for one ion at a time

Calculates the equilibrium potential of K ion to be about 61 mV

Calculates the equilibrium potential of Na ion to be about - 94 mV

6.4 L

8.4 L

10.2 L

11.3 L

12.0 L

Capillary filtration rate

Vascular conductance

Capillary blood flow

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Arteriolar resistance

2.70 litres

0.27 litres

27 litres

5 litres

Use sodium as a label to find volume by law of mass conservation

Use potassium ions as a label to find volume by law of mass conservation

Use labelled water as a label to find volume by law of mass conservation

There is no need for labels.Volume of extracellular fluid can be found by subtracting extracellular volume from total body water volume

diarrhea

sweating

breathing problems

intracellular edema in cerebellar cells(herniation),which causes very painful pressure on nerves

tear in blood vessels and hemorrhage

skin turgor

weight loss

tachycardia

an increase in the plasma protein concentration

obstruction of lymphatic vessels

increased capillary permeability because of inflammation

increased venous pressure

occurs only in nerve and muscle cells

Is the same in all cells

is oriented so that the cell’s interior is positive with respect to the extracellular fluid

requires the movement and diffusion of all ions of cells

none of the above

The direction of its travel is unidirectional(spreads to one direction only)

It is faster for a strong stimulus than a weak one

It is faster for myelinated fibres than in non-myelinated ones

a and c

a,b,and c

Cardiac output

total vascular conductance

Resistance of each blood vessel

all of the above

none of the above

It is less likely to occur at low flow than at a high flow

Turbulence would more likely occur at a large vessel than in a small vessel

For a fixed flow,turbulence is most likely to occur in a high viscosity fluid than in a low viscosity fluid

Turbulence is noisier than laminar flow

a and d

only a relatively small number of Na+ and K+ions actually diffuse across the membrane

The production and spread of action potential is an example of both positive feedback and negative feedback

During the production of action potential.Na+ and K+ total concentration( both intracellular concentration and extracellular concentration of one ion added together)does not change

Na+/K+ pumps are directly involved in creating the action potential

all of the above

urea is iso-osmotic but hypertonic

urea is hyperosmotic but hypotonic

urea is hyperosmotic and hypertonic

Urea is hypo-osmotic and hypotonic

%of body fat

Size of the body

Sleeping

Change in solute concentration inside cells

Potassium

Sodium and potassium

Chloride

Potassium and chloride

Sodium

hyperosmolar

hypo-osmolar

hypertonic

hypotonic