Which factors contribute to sea level rise due to climate change?
Increased numbers of floods
Rapid melting of arctic ice
Thermal expansion and melting of land-bound ice
Slow sinking of the continents
Enhanced precipitation
The green house gas effect can be explained by
Wavelength dependence of absorption of radiation by GHG
Ozone depletion in the stratosphere
The elliptic path of the earth around the sun
Enhanced reflection of long wave radiation by GHG
Enhanced concentration of dust and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere
Because saturation vapour pressure depends on the surface on which it occurs
Lifting of air masses leads to condensation
Clouds grow rapidly when ice particles are introduced
Small drops grow at the cost of large drops
Mixing of warmer and colder air masses can lead to mixing fog
Airborne radionuclide concentrations are especially relevant for
Infiltration and Submersion
Ingestion and Inhalation
Ingestion and Submersion
Inhalation and Submersion
Exposition and Ingestion
Occult deposition is
An as yet undiscovered deposition
Deposition that is not yet fully understood
Deposition by fog, dew, etc.
Deposition pollutants attached to aerosols
For the development of the ozone hole in the Antarctic the following are decisive:
High CFC concentrations and lack of solar radiation
High CFC concentrations and temperatures below zero
High CFC concentration and climate change
Temperatures below -80°C and little air mass exchange
the double strategy in Austrian air pollution policy consists of
Limiting synergistic pollutants simultaneously
Requiring the pollutants and the affected to contribute to emission reductions
Increasing stack heights and emission standards
Limiting emission according to state-of-the-art-technology and to stay within air quality
An end-of-pipe measure is e.g.:
Using more efficient technologies
Implementing an emission trading scheme
Filter flue gases
Technological improvements in the process
Desulfurization of oil
Present day GHG emissions of the average Austrian are around
50 t per year
1 t per year
100 t per year
Not quantifiable
10 t per year
Climate change does not involve
Changes in precipitation
Frequency of extreme events
More intense earthquakes
Melting of polare ice
Temperature change
Which are not typical effects of mountain valleys or basins?
Inducing thermally driven circulations
Strong dispersion of pollutants
Development of cold air basins due to drainage flow
Inversions
Channelling flow
Stratospheric ozone concentration
Is falling in midlatitudes in winter, constant in summer
Is falling worldwide
Is falling in equatorial regions in winter
Is falling in midlatitudes in winter and strongly falling over Antarctica
In the climate debate tipping points are understood to describe
Points ate which the planet becomes uninhabitable
Points beyond which positive feedback mechanisms can no longer be contained by humans
Points of time in policy debate when decisive steps are taken
Geographical locations where decisive climate process
Under clear sky conditions in summer ozone levels are especially high in Vienna
On weekdays
During traffic peaks
On Sundays and holidays
On Mondays
On Saturdays
In the early morning
What is NOT true of radioactive decay
Is the only way to deplete radio nuclei
Disappears after 5 half-life times
Depends only on the radio nuclide
Is independent of external influences
Can vary over orders of magnitude
Which of the following issues is not a mesoscale pollution problem
Fine particles (PM)
Tropospheric zone
Persistent organic compounds (POP)
Green house gases
Radio active substances
The IPAT equation or Kaya Identity can be used to explain
The impact of population, air pollution and technology on environmental degradation
The impact of green house gas emission on climate
The extent to which ecological boundaries have been crossed
The impact of world population, affluence and technology on green house gas emission
The impact of lifestyles on environmental quality and tipping points
What was the original definition of smog
A combination of smoke and fog
High concentration of photo chemicals
Cigarette smoke
High ozone concentrations
Dispersion models typically consists of 3 modules:
Transport Module, Immission Module, Impact Module
Meteorology Module, Chemistry Module, Deposition Module
Emission Module, Transmission Module, Immission Module
Meteorology Module, Chemistry Module, Transport Module
Meteorology Module, Transport Module, Deposition Module
Trajectories are an important part of which kind of dispersion models?
Gaussian models
Diffusion models
Langrangian models
Richardson models
Eulerian models
Near the earths surface temperature increases with height
When wind speed increase with height
When wind speed is low and the radiation balances at the surface is negative
Because the distance from sun decrease
When atmospheric radiation exceeds terrestrial radiation
When warm air rises from heated surfaces
When an inversion break up
Chronic damage caused by air pollution can be prevented
Standards expressed in high percentiles
Limiting maximum concentration
Short term standards, e.g.: hourly means
Long term standards, e.g.: yearly means
In an idealised valley the following local circulations are to be expected in fair weather on the early afternoon
only valley wind
valley- and down slope wind
valley and up slope wind
only down slope wind
Mountain and down slope wind
In order for a cloud to rain, cloud droplets must grow
through coagulation and coalescence with other droplets
through freezing and melting
and rech a size 100 times that a small cloud droplet
through transpiration and evaporation
through compression and density increase
through condensation and diffusion
Which of the following radiative processes leads to energy conversion?
Reflexion
Absorption
Refraction
Diffusion
Concentrations caused at a specific point by a continuous point source vary strongly
in inversions
in unstable layers
in neutral layers
in stable layers under strong wind conditions
in isothermal layers near the ground
The troposphere
is the bottom layer of the atmosphere in which temperature decreases with height
is the lower part of the planetary boundary layer
is the lower part of the stratosphere and characterised by temperature increases with height
consists of the planetary boundary layer and the turbulent surface layer
Boundaries of the global ecological system seem to have been exceeded regarding
climate change, nitrogen cycle and phosphorus cycle
nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle and biodiversity loss
ocean acidification, nitrogen cycle and biodiversity loss
climate change, nitrogen cycle and biodiversity loss
climate change, ocean acidification and biodiversity loss
The following is NOT correct regarding albedo
Average over the whole globe, albedo is about 5%
Albedo is higher for snow than for bitumen
Albedo is reflectivity averages over all wave lengths
Albedo is the ration of reflected to incoming radiation
Albedo increases with the temperature of the reflecting body
The atmosphere is characterised by
about 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen and 1% Argon content
about 0,03 CO2 and 0,05 water vapour content
about 80% oxygen and 20% hydrogen content near the surface
rapid increase of CO2 and decreases of oxygen concentration
good mixing of gases up to 120km height
Which of the following does not heat up faster than global average
Continents
Arctic
Alpine region
Oceans
In what latitudes do the highest stratospheric ozone concentration occur?
20°
60°
80°
45°
The declared aim of the policy of high stacks was to
Enhanced the chimney effect and create higher effective stack heights
Make use of higher wind speed
Reduce maximum immissions on the ground
Delay deposition
Distribute pollutants over larger areas
Global temperatures increases over the last 150 years is about
0,2°C
1,2°C
0,8°C
0,4°C
What process is not part of dispersion of pollutants in air?
Interception
Decay
Deposition
Sedimentation
Clinical studies to determine concentration limits for humans help to
Replace experiments using animals
Study exposures under normal conditions
Understand systematic dose-effect relationships
Study the effect of high exposures
What is characteristic of an Eulerian model?
The limited amount of input data and numerical capacity needed
A coordinate system that is fixed relative to the earth surface
The good representation of point sources
A grid with increasingly smaller dimensions
What is the dual role of CFCs in the atmosphere?
Enhanced chemical reactions and produce stratospheric ozone
Enhanced chemical reactions and destroy tropospheric ozone
Contribute to global warming as GHG and deplete ozone
Destroy ozone and contribute to Global Dimming
Inversions can cause high immission concentrations near the ground
When pollutants are emitted below the inversion
Because heating is especially intense in these periods
When pollutants are emitted into the inversion through high stacks
Because pollutants are pressed downward
Sulfates can cover large distances in the atmosphere because
They are released in great heights
They are not easily washed-out
Their lifetime in the atmosphere is long
They are especially light compared to their size
What data are not relevant for emission inventories?
Geographical position of sources
Flue gas temperature
Stack height
Wind speed
Emission rates of different pollutant groups
What human impact does not (yet) exceed the resilience boundaries of the global ecosystems?
Climate change
Biodiversity loss
Acidification of the ocean
Nitrogen cycle
Gaussian models for continuous point sources assume that
Emission occur at least 10 m above ground
life time of pollutants is limited
Wind speed exceeds 1 m/s
Pollutant concentration is uniform within the plume
Is falling in midlatitudes and strongly over Antarctica
What part of the solar spectrum is primarily responsible for the cancer in human skin?
UVA
UVC
Roentgen waves
UVB
Infra-red
Protections regarding climate in the future do not rely on:
Assumptions on GHG emissions
An understanding of radiation
Assumptions on the development of the world population
Mathematical models to simulate physical processes in the atmosphere
Statistical extrapolations of the climate change of the past
Air flow is influences near buildings
But the induced turbulence is irrelevant for dispersion
Up to about 150m behind the building
The stronger, the smaller the building is
In the vertical within about 2,5 times the height of the building
Which is no Green House Gas (GHG
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Water vapour
Methane
Ozone
What feedback mechanism is reinforcing (=positive)?
Increase in CO2, increased biomass, increased evaporation, cooling
Temperature decreases, more glaciers, higher Albedo
Temperature increase, increased evaporation, increased cloud cover
Temperature increase, forest fires, increased Albedo
Deposition reaches generally its highest values
Chemical transformation
Occult deposition
Wet deposition
Emission reductions necessary to meet the 2°C goal are consistent with
80% reduction in industrialised and unlimited emissions in other nations
50% reduction of GHG emissions in industrialised nations
Full use of conventional and unconventional reserves
About 1t of CO2 per person and year till 2050 in industrialised nations
GHG emissions about three times the amount already emitted
Which is a secondary pollutant?
Aerosols
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxide
Expected temperature increases in Austria in the next 20-50 years is about
2-4°
0,5-1°
4-6°
5-10°
Which is not a component of the radiation balance at the earth's surface
diffuse or sky radiation
atmospheric radiation
celestrial radiation
terrestrial radiation
direct solar radiation
The effect source height
is defined as the sum of stack height and plume rise
depends on the emitted pollutants
is equal to stack height for hot effluents
is near 40 km for stratospheric ozone
increases with air temperature
Climate change is scientifically proven by... increase of global mean temperature
What is the significance of oceans in the global carbon cycle? A sink, but may become a source
What is not part of geo-engineerying? Substitution of fossil energy sources
Which of the following pollutants are GHGs? All? Ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour
Radiation balances is clearly negative... night time, strong wind, fog
