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Direct and Reported Speech:

Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.

Direct Speech (El estilo directo) Cuando queremos informar exactamente de lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas (“…”) y deberá ser palabra por palabra.Ejemplos:“I am going to London next week,” she said. (“Voy a Londres la semana que viene,” ella dijo.) “Do you have a pen I could borrow,” he asked. (“¿Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme?,” él preguntó.) Alice said, “I love to dance.” (Alice dijo, “Me encanta bailar.”) Chris asked, “Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?” (Chris preguntó, “¿Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?”)

Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto) El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A continuación tienes un explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales.

A veces se usa “that” en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar “if” o “whether”.

Direct SpeechReported SpeechPresent SimplePast Simple “He is American,” she said. She said he was American. “I am happy to see you,” Mary said. Mary said that she was happy to see me. He asked, “Are you busy tonight?” He asked me if I was busy that night.Present ContinuousPast Continuous “Dan is living in San Francisco,” she said. She said Dan was living in San Francisco. He said, “I’m making dinner.” He told me that he was making dinner. “Why are you working so hard?” they asked.

They asked me why I was working so hard.Past SimplePast Perfect Simple “We went to the movies last night,” he said. He told me they had gone to the movies the night before. Greg said, “I didn’t go to work yesterday.” Greg said that he hadn’t gone to work the day before. “Did you buy a new car?” she asked. She asked me if I had bought a new car.Past ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous “I was working late last night,” Vicki said. Vicki told me she’d been working late the night before. They said, “we weren’t waiting long.” They said that they hadn’t been waiting long. He asked, “were you sleeping when I called?” He asked if I’d been sleeping when he called.Present Perfect SimplePast Perfect Simple Heather said, “I’ve already eaten.” Heather told me that she’d already eaten. “We haven’t been to China,” they said. They said they hadn’t been to China. “Have you worked here before?” I asked.

I asked her whether she’d worked there before.Present Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous “I’ve been studying English for two years,” he said. He said he’d been studying English for two years. Steve said, “we’ve been dating for over a year now.” Steve told me that they’d been dating for over a year. “Have you been waiting long?” they asked. They asked whether I’d been waiting long.Past Perfect SimplePast Perfect Simple (NO CHANGE) “I’d been to Chicago before for work,” he said. He said that he’d been to Chicago before for work.Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous (NO CHANGE) She said, “I’d been dancing for years before the accident.” She said she’d been dancing for years before the accident.

Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (que sigue siendo cierto) o de algo en el futuro, no es necesario cambiar el tiempo verbal.Ejemplos:

“I’m 30 years old,” she said. → She said she is 30 years old. Dave said, “Kelly is sick.” → Dave said Kelly is sick. “We are going to Tokyo next week,” they said. → They said they are goingto Tokyo next week. “I’ll cut my hair tomorrow,” Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.

Modal Verbs (Los verbos modales) El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales.

Nota: Con “would”, “could”, “should”, “might” y “ought to”, el tiempo no cambia.

Direct SpeechIndirect SpeechWillWould “I’ll go to the movies tomorrow,” John said. John said he would go to the movies the next day. “Will you help me move?” she asked.

She asked me if I would help her move.CanCould Debra said, “Allen can worktomorrow.” Debra said Allen could workthe next day. “Can you open the window, please?”, he asked.

He asked me if I could open the window.MustHad to “You must wear your seat belt,” mom said. My mom said I had to wear my seat belt. She said, “You must worktomorrow.” She said I had to work the next day.ShallShould “Shall we go to the beach today?” Tom asked. Tom asked if we should go to the beach that day. “What shall we do tonight?” she asked. She asked me what we should do that night.MayMight/Could Jane said, “I may not be in class tomorrow.” Jane said she might not be in class the next day. “May I use the bathroom, please?”, the boy asked. The boy asked if he could use the bathroom.

Direct SpeechIndirect Speechtodaythat daytonightthat nightthis week/month/yearthat week/month/yeartomorrowthe next daynext week/month/yearthe following week/month/yearyesterdaythe day before or the previous daylast week/month/yearthe week/month year before or the previous week/month/yearnowthen/at that moment

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simplein the other clause:

if + present simple, ... will + infinitiveIt's used to talk about things which might happen in the future.

Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

If it rains, I won't go to the park.

If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.

If I have enough money, I'll buysome new shoes.

She'll be late if the train isdelayed.

She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.

If I see her, I'll tell her.

First vs. Zero Conditional:

The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional describes what happens in general.

For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting)

But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about what will happen today, another day might be different).

Zero conditional We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are always true.

If you heat water, it boils.

When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

It lights up if you push that button.

The present simple is used in both clauses.

First conditional We use the first conditional when we talk about real and possible situations.

I’ll go shopping on the way home if I have time.

If it’s a nice day tomorrow we’ll go to the beach.

If Arsenal win they’ll be top of the league.

In first conditional sentences, the structure is usually if + present simple and will + infinitive. It’s not important which clause comes first.

Second conditional The second conditional is used to talk about ‘unreal’ or impossible things.

If I won a lot of money I’d buy a big house in the country.

Where would you live if you could live anywhere in the world?

If you didn’t smoke so much you’d feel a lot better.

The structure is usually if + past simple and would + infinitive. It’s not important which clause comes first.

Look at the difference between the first and second conditionals.

In January: If it snows tomorrow I’ll go skiing. It might snow tomorrow.

In August: If it snowed tomorrow I’d go skiing. It almost certainly won’t snow tomorrow.

NOTE: Although many conditional sentences use if + will/would, conditional sentences can also use other words instead of ‘if’ – e.g. ‘when’ ‘as soon as’ ‘in case’ Other modal verbs can be used instead of ‘will/would’ – e.g. ‘can/could’, ‘may’ ‘might’.

Se usa ‘say’ 1. En estilo directo, mencionando las palabras textuales, entre comillas: He said: “I’m hungry”

Dijo: “tengo hambre”

En caso de mencionar a la persona a quien se dirige uno, se emplea la preposición ‘to’:

He said to me: “I’m hungry”

Me dijo: “tengo hambre”

2. En el estilo indirecto (Reported Speech) contando lo que ha ocurrido pero sin mencionar a la persona a quien nos dirigimos Mary said she was thirsty

Mary dijo que tenía sed

*El complemento directo después de este verbo siempre debe llevar “to”:

I said to him…

Le dije…

En caso de llevar dos complementos, uno directo y otro indirecto, el directo siempre precederá al indirecto con ‘to’:

I said a few words to her

Le dije algunas palabras

Se usa tell 1. En estilo indirecto (al contar lo que ha ocurrido) y mencionando a la persona a quien uno se dirige: He told me he was angry

Me dijo que estaba enfadado

2. Con el significado de ‘contar’ (una historia, un cuento, etc…) Tell me a story

Cuéntame un cuento

3. Con la connotación de ‘decirle a alguien que haga algo’ He told me to jump

Me dijo que saltara