Replicable=reliable Cause+effect identified (positivists favour them) Hard to control all variables+can't study the past Small sample= unrepresentative Informed consent needed Deception Physical+psych harm The hawthorne effect;artificial situation=artificial behaviour Humans have free will so our behiour cannot be explained with cause+effect

1st alternative;field exp;takes place in the P's natural env+P's not aware of exp(=no hawthorne) researcher manipulates IV They are more natural+realistic but less control Rosenhan's pseudopatient exp; 8 researchers went to 12 mental hospitals complaining of hearing voices All were admitted+diagnosed as schizophrenic They then acted normally but staff treated them as if they were all mentally ill as a result of the label

Lab exp+teacher expectations; Harvey+Slatin 96 teachers shown 18 photographs of children of different class+asked to rate them on performance, aspirations etc Lower class children-rated less favourably These ratings were based on similarities between the child in the photograph+children they have taught=teachers label children to prejudge potential Charkin used 48 uni students to teach a 10yr old boy 1/3 was told the boy was motivated +intelligent 1/3 was told the opposite 1/3 was given no info 1st group made more eye contact+used more encouraging body language

Field exp+teacher expectations Rosenthal+jacobson Pupils were given IQ test 20% were selected at random and teachers were told these were likely to spurt Pupils were tested 8mths later +again after a yr Pupils gained an average of 8 points, spurters gained 12 Greatest improvement in younger ages