89208
| Question | Answer |
| Replicable=reliable Cause+effect identified (positivists favour them) Hard to control all variables+can't study the past Small sample= unrepresentative Informed consent needed Deception Physical+psych harm The hawthorne effect;artificial situation=artificial behaviour Humans have free will so our behiour cannot be explained with cause+effect | Mayo research into worker productivity 5 female workers who knew it was a study He manipulated conditions such as heating and lighting As conditions improved productivity improved but as conditions worsened productivity increased again. They wished to please the experimenter |
| 1st alternative;field exp;takes place in the P's natural env+P's not aware of exp(=no hawthorne) researcher manipulates IV They are more natural+realistic but less control Rosenhan's pseudopatient exp; 8 researchers went to 12 mental hospitals complaining of hearing voices All were admitted+diagnosed as schizophrenic They then acted normally but staff treated them as if they were all mentally ill as a result of the label | 2nd alternative;the comparative method In the mind of the sociologist Discovers cause+effect Involves identifying 2 groups that are alike in all exept 1 variable=compare to see if this has any effect It avoids artificiality+can be used to study the past+poses no ethical issues but has less control Durkheim study of suicide; catholocs have a higher level of integration than protestants He then predicted that protestants would have higher suicide rates Official stats supported his prediction |
| Lab exp+teacher expectations; Harvey+Slatin 96 teachers shown 18 photographs of children of different class+asked to rate them on performance, aspirations etc Lower class children-rated less favourably These ratings were based on similarities between the child in the photograph+children they have taught=teachers label children to prejudge potential Charkin used 48 uni students to teach a 10yr old boy 1/3 was told the boy was motivated +intelligent 1/3 was told the opposite 1/3 was given no info 1st group made more eye contact+used more encouraging body language | Younge people vulnerable=problems of deception, informed consent + psychological damage Lab exp good when studying one variable but this can't be applied to a wider setting Schools are large + complex=many variables Lab exp are artificial-tell us little about the real world |
| Field exp+teacher expectations Rosenthal+jacobson Pupils were given IQ test 20% were selected at random and teachers were told these were likely to spurt Pupils were tested 8mths later +again after a yr Pupils gained an average of 8 points, spurters gained 12 Greatest improvement in younger ages | Field exp=more ethical problems Pupils may have been held back in the exp and the spurters given an advan They work best when poeple are unaware of the exp but this requires deception This study can be replicated but may vary between schools The study didnt observe class to support the claims=low validity |
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