BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 5

Frage 1 von 18

1

NATURAL SELECTION

Natural selection is the process in which ❌ with certain ❌ traits survive and reproduce at a ❌ rate than those without said traits.

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individuals

populations

heritable

non-heritable

higher

lower

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Frage 2 von 18

1

Which of these statements is FALSE with regards to natural selection?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Selection acts on the genotype, not the phenotype (trait); it can act only indirectly on the phenotype.
The heritability of phenotypic characters, sets the limits of natural selection.
Phenotypic characters or traits can be controlled by single genes or by polygenic inheritance.
It is populations and not individuals that evolve.
In terms of genetics, selection results in changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next.

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Frage 3 von 18

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If an individual is physically strong and lives a long life but has no offspring, it is still sit in a Darwinian sense.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 4 von 18

1

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FITNESS

Darwinian fitness refers to the ability to ( survive, die ) and reproduce, it considers both ( viability, gene pool ) and ( fecundity, population size ). Fitness depends on the ( environment, government, era ), the fittest individual during an ice age is probably not the fittest individual once the ice age is over. ( Absolute fitness (W), Relative fitness (w) ) is a measure of the total number of offspring an individual produces. ( Relative fitness (w), Absolute fitness (W) ) is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of other individuals. Although it is often referred to as the relative fitness of a genotype, it is the ( whole organism, genotype ) that is subject to selection not the ( genotype, whole organism ).

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Frage 5 von 18

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CALCULATING RELATIVE FITNESS

Relative fitness is the absolute fitness of an individual relative to the absolute fitness of the fittest individual in the population (w), w can range from 0 to 1.

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Frage 6 von 18

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MAJOR TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION

Natural selection can change the frequency distribution of a heritable trait in three ways:

1. ❌ occurs when one of the extremes is favoured, driving the population in a particular direction. Directional selection is common when an environment changes or when individuals move to a new environment.
2. ❌ occurs when the extreme phenotypes are selected at the expense of intermediate forms.
3. ❌ acts against both extreme phenotypes and favours intermediates.

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Directional selection

Disruptive selection

Stabilising selection

Natural selection

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Frage 7 von 18

1

Match the type of natural selection with the corresponding graph.

Wählen Sie unten die richtige Option aus, die dem hervorgehobenen orangefarbenen Punkt entspricht

Directional selection

Disruptive selection

Stabilizing selection

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Frage 8 von 18

1

A selective sweep occurs when a favourable allele reaches fixation.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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FALSCH

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Frage 9 von 18

1

Fülle die Lücken, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

SEXUAL SELECTION

Darwin described a second form of selection - selection. This form of selection is the result of competition between individuals for . Sexual selection is argued to result in sexual diism in some species.

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Frage 10 von 18

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Sexual selection can operate in two ways:

1. ❌ selection: individuals of the same sex competing directly, and is thought to occur between males in many species.

2. ❌ selection: or mate choice, occurs between different sexes, and is typically argued to occur when females select males.

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Intrasexual

Intersexual

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Frage 11 von 18

1

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HETEROZYGOTE ADVANTAGE

Heterozygote advantage occurs when individuals that are ( heterozygous, homozygous ) have a greater fitness than do either kind of ( homozygote, heterozygote ).

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Frage 12 von 18

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One example of heterozygote advantage is sickle-cell anaemia, in which heterozygotes are protected against the severe effects of malaria.

Although sickle-cell disease is lethal if not treated in some areas the sickle-cell allele has a frequency of 15-20%.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 13 von 18

1

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FREQUENCY DEPENDENT SELECTION

In frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype depends on how ( common, beneficial, lucky, choice as bruh ) it is in a population.

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Frage 14 von 18

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WHY NATURAL SELECTION CANNOT FASHION PERFECT ORGANISMS

Natural selection can lead to adaptation but there are many non-adaptive traits.
1. Selection can only act on ❌. New advantageous alleles ❌.
2. Evolution is limited by ❌. Evolution co-opts existing structures and adapts them to ❌ e.g. birds and bats have not grown new limbs to serve as wings but have
modified the forelimb.
3. Adaptations are often ❌. Each organism must do many things, that is, there can be many competing selective forces operating at the same time ❌.
4. Not all evolutionary change is ❌. There are forces acting in evolution that do not result in adaptation ❌.
5. Chance, natural selection and the environment interact. Chance events can affect the evolution of a
population. For example, not all the alleles in a ❌ are better suited to the new environment than the alleles ‘left behind’. Environments may ❌ limiting the extent to which natural selection can result in adaptation.

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existing variation

do not arise on demand

historical constraints

new situations

compromises

e.g. sexual verses natural selection

adaptive

e.g. genetic drift

founder population

change rapidly and unpredictably

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Frage 15 von 18

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ADAPTATION AND EXAPTATION

❌ are characteristics or traits that have evolved by natural selection for their current function.

❌ are the complement of adaptations, as they are traits that have been co-opted or enlisted for a new use.

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Adaptations

Exaptations

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Frage 16 von 18

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New characteristics or traits cannot arise when structures that originally had one function are used for a different function.

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FALSCH

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Frage 17 von 18

1

Exaptations demonstrate that a characteristic or traits current function does not always explain its origin.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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FALSCH

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Frage 18 von 18

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Some biologists believe that exaptation may play a much more important role in evolution than has generally been thought.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

	Erstellt von Eilidh Young vor fast 7 Jahre

Stage I The University of Auckland BIOSCI 101 Quiz am BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 5, erstellt von Eilidh Young am 09/06/2017.

BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 5

Frage 1 von 18

NATURAL SELECTION Natural selection is the process in which ❌ with certain ❌ traits survive and reproduce at a ❌ rate than those without said traits.

Wählen Sie unten die Option aus, um den hervorgehobenen Text zu vervollständigen

Erklärung

Frage 2 von 18

Which of these statements is FALSE with regards to natural selection?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 3 von 18

If an individual is physically strong and lives a long life but has no offspring, it is still sit in a Darwinian sense.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 18

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

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Frage 5 von 18

CALCULATING RELATIVE FITNESS Relative fitness is the absolute fitness of an individual relative to the absolute fitness of the fittest individual in the population (w), w can range from 0 to 1.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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Frage 6 von 18

Wählen Sie unten die Option aus, um den hervorgehobenen Text zu vervollständigen

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Frage 7 von 18

Match the type of natural selection with the corresponding graph.

Wählen Sie unten die richtige Option aus, die dem hervorgehobenen orangefarbenen Punkt entspricht

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Frage 8 von 18

A selective sweep occurs when a favourable allele reaches fixation.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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Frage 9 von 18

Fülle die Lücken, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

SEXUAL SELECTION Darwin described a second form of selection - selection. This form of selection is the result of competition between individuals for . Sexual selection is argued to result in sexual diism in some species.

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Frage 10 von 18

Sexual selection can operate in two ways: 1. ❌ selection: individuals of the same sex competing directly, and is thought to occur between males in many species. 2. ❌ selection: or mate choice, occurs between different sexes, and is typically argued to occur when females select males.

Wählen Sie unten die Option aus, um den hervorgehobenen Text zu vervollständigen

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Frage 11 von 18

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

HETEROZYGOTE ADVANTAGE Heterozygote advantage occurs when individuals that are heterozygous homozygous( heterozygous, homozygous ) have a greater fitness than do either kind of homozygote heterozygote( homozygote, heterozygote ).

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Frage 12 von 18

One example of heterozygote advantage is sickle-cell anaemia, in which heterozygotes are protected against the severe effects of malaria. Although sickle-cell disease is lethal if not treated in some areas the sickle-cell allele has a frequency of 15-20%.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 13 von 18

Wähle von der Aufklappliste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

FREQUENCY DEPENDENT SELECTION In frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common beneficial lucky choice as bruh( common, beneficial, lucky, choice as bruh ) it is in a population.

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Frage 14 von 18

Wählen Sie unten die Option aus, um den hervorgehobenen Text zu vervollständigen

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Frage 15 von 18

ADAPTATION AND EXAPTATION ❌ are characteristics or traits that have evolved by natural selection for their current function. ❌ are the complement of adaptations, as they are traits that have been co-opted or enlisted for a new use.

Wählen Sie unten die Option aus, um den hervorgehobenen Text zu vervollständigen

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Frage 16 von 18

New characteristics or traits cannot arise when structures that originally had one function are used for a different function.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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Frage 17 von 18

Exaptations demonstrate that a characteristic or traits current function does not always explain its origin.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 18 von 18

Some biologists believe that exaptation may play a much more important role in evolution than has generally been thought.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

Erklärung

NATURAL SELECTION

Natural selection is the process in which ❌ with certain ❌ traits survive and reproduce at a ❌ rate than those without said traits.

CALCULATING RELATIVE FITNESS

Relative fitness is the absolute fitness of an individual relative to the absolute fitness of the fittest individual in the population (w), w can range from 0 to 1.

SEXUAL SELECTION

Darwin described a second form of selection - selection. This form of selection is the result of competition between individuals for . Sexual selection is argued to result in sexual diism in some species.

Sexual selection can operate in two ways:

1. ❌ selection: individuals of the same sex competing directly, and is thought to occur between males in many species.

2. ❌ selection: or mate choice, occurs between different sexes, and is typically argued to occur when females select males.

HETEROZYGOTE ADVANTAGE

Heterozygote advantage occurs when individuals that are ( heterozygous, homozygous ) have a greater fitness than do either kind of ( homozygote, heterozygote ).

One example of heterozygote advantage is sickle-cell anaemia, in which heterozygotes are protected against the severe effects of malaria.

Although sickle-cell disease is lethal if not treated in some areas the sickle-cell allele has a frequency of 15-20%.

FREQUENCY DEPENDENT SELECTION

In frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype depends on how ( common, beneficial, lucky, choice as bruh ) it is in a population.

ADAPTATION AND EXAPTATION

❌ are characteristics or traits that have evolved by natural selection for their current function.

❌ are the complement of adaptations, as they are traits that have been co-opted or enlisted for a new use.