Quiz
Succession & Assembly
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1Change over time through a series of observable stages from an initially disturbed or barren state.
- AClimax Species
- BEcological Succession
- CClimax Communities
- DPioneer Species
2Appear in early series of changes “early seral”
- AEcological Succession
- BPioneer Species
- CClimax Species
- DClimax Communities
3Appear in late series changes “late seral”
- AEcological Succession
- BPioneer Species
- CClimax Species
- DClimax Communities
4Successional end-point that is structurally and functionally stable in long-term.
- AEcological Succession
- BPioneer Species
- CClimax Species
- DClimax Communities
5The four components of ecosystem stability are
- AResistance
- BRehabiliatation
- CResilience
- DPersistance
- EVariance
6ability to undergo period of stress with little change.
- AResistance
- BResilience
- CPersistence
- DVariance
7ability to change from stress but quickly return to a former state.
- AResistance
- BResiliance
- CResilience
- DVariance
8ability to remain unchanged over decades or centuries.
- AResistance
- BResiliance
- CPersistance
- DVariance
9exhibiting patchiness, and both fast and slow resilience
- AResistance
- BResilience
- CPersistance
- DVariance
10Which of the following apply to primary succession?
- AInitiates with exposed parent material (i.e. lava flows, glacial moraine, sand dune, rock slide)
- BLosses of materials (weathering, decomposition)
- CTranslocation of materials vertically (horizonation)
- DDuration of centuries or millennia under natural conditions
- EModel for restoration of drastically-disturbed sites like mines
11Aquatic systems (lakes and mine tailings-ponds) have spatial distribution of textures related to velocity and settling
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
12Processes of soil genesis include Additions, Losses, Translocation & Transformation
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
13of materials (sediments, organic matter, water)
- AAddition
- BLosses
- CTranslocation
- DTransformation
14of materials (weathering, decomposition)
- AAdditions
- BLosses
- CTranslocation
- DTransformation
15of materials vertically (horizonation)
- AAdditions
- BLosses
- CTranslocation
- DTransformation
16 of material type (humification, aggregation)
- AAdditions
- BLosses
- CTranslocation
- DTransformation
17Primary Succession & Soil Genesis: Cation Exchange Capacity
- ANegative charge on soil materials to retain base cations, water, and nutrients for use by plants and micro-organisms
- BClay particles initial source of CEC
- CChemoautotrophs are aerobic bacteria, oxidize inorganic compounds for energy, and fix CO2 for a carbon source
- DOrganic matter secondary source of CEC
18Primary Succession & Soil Genesis: Soil Organic Matter Formation
- AInitial biological activity usually from bacteria
- BChemoautotrophs are aerobic bacteria, oxidize inorganic compounds for energy, and fix CO2 for a carbon source
- CNitrogen-fixing Photoautotrophs (cyanobacteria), reduce N2 to form NH3 for metabolism and as a waste product when fixing CO2
- DAll other plants depend upon a source of N, and heterotrophic bacteria or fungi depend upon carbohydrates of plant exudates & dead tissue
19Primary Succession & Soil Genesis: Soil Organic Matter Formation
- ARough surfaces provide pockets to collect water, in which bacteria grow, and some moss & fern gametophytes can develop from spores.
- BSpeeds carbon accumulation and soil organic matter formation.
- CPockets also capture detritus (plant fragments, soil particles, insect bodies, animal feces & urine) dispersed by wind, water, or animals.
- DHeterotrophic fungi and bacteria arrive as spores, parasitize live plants, decompose plant residues, & make N, P, K, & S available for plants.
20Primary Succession & Soil Genesis: Initial Functions of Vascular Plants
- ANitrogen-fixing plants (symbionts with bacteria or actinomycete fungi) provide source of N in nutrient deprived soil
- BSpeeds carbon accumulation and soil organic matter formation.
- CIncludes many well-known forage crops (alfalfa, clover, trefoil) and horticultural trees (caragana, honey locust).
- DSpores are spread by the wind from fruiting bodies (mushrooms, etc.).
21Primary Succession & Soil Genesis: Initial Functions of Vascular Plants
Part 2- AMycorrhiza (fungi) associations with plant roots generally benefit plant uptake of P, K and N.
- BSpores are spread by the wind from fruiting bodies (mushrooms, etc.).
- CSome spores are macroscopic and can be collected by hand.
- DSome seeded species fail or perform poorly without mycorrhiza.
22Primary Succession & Soil Genesis: Decomposition Dynamics
Transform plant residue fragments into soil humus:- ADecreasing mass,
- BDecreasing C:N ratio,
- CDecreasing particle size, and
- DLitter quality (lignin %, C:N ratio, total N available, inhibitory polyphenols, and pH).
- EIncreasing stability of mineral-organic matter complexes.
23Primary Succession & Soil Genesis: Decomposition Dynamics
Decomposition limited by:- ATemperature (colder = slower),
- BMoisture (drier = slower),
- CLitter quality (lignin %, C:N ratio, total N available, inhibitory polyphenols, and pH).
- DIncreasing stability of mineral-organic matter complexes.
24is an ultimate function of clay, organic matter, and vascular plant growth.
- ASoil Aggregation
- BSoil Genesis
- CHumus Aggregation
- DSoil Decomposition
25Engineered Wetlands & Reservoirs very expensive and usually fail to replicate nature.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
26Lentic Systems need time for inflow of water and dissolved organic material, followed by regulating processes of algae production and anaerobic decomposition.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
27Plant Population Dynamics: Individual Plant Growth Stages
- AGrow in stages: seed – seedling – juvenile – mature – senescent
- BMore seeds are produced or immigrate from dispersal
- CAnnual plants have prolonged seed stages
- DPerennial plants have prolonged juvenile, mature or senescent stages
28Plant Population Dynamics: Plant Population Stage-based Transitions
- AHave transition probabilities from one stage to another each year
- BMore seeds are produced or immigrate from dispersal
- CA balance of seeds are lost to germination, decomposition, predation
- DAnnual plants have prolonged seed stages
29Soil Seedbank Ecology
- ASeeds vary in size, shape, seed coat thickness, and dormancy
- BTransient seedbanks are shallow, short-lived, non-dormant, large seeds (most grasses, shrubs, trees)
- CPersistent seedbanks are deeper, long-lived, dormant, small seeds (most biennials and annuals)
- DSoil seedbanks become less similar to vegetation as time passes
30Viable seed not germinating under favourable conditions = non dormant
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
31Seed Dormancy may occur from
- Aimmature embryos
- Bimpermeable structures
- Cpermeable structures
- Dinhibitory chemicals
32Seed Dormancy is broken by one or more of:
- Astratification (prolonged exposure to heat or freezing)
- Bscarification (chemical/mechanical damage of seed coat)
- Cleaching (washing away inhibitors)
- DCannot be broken
33Predicting what will emerge from the soil seedbank
- ARecently disturbed soil = mix of transient & persistent species
- BRecently stock-piled or cropped soil = flush of persistent weed species
- CIf no soil seedbank, species must disperse to the site
wind-dispersed first
large animal-dispersed second
small animal-dispersed third - DPeople can purposely plant seeds and modify seedbeds to create favourable conditions for germination
34Predictive log-log (power) function of species increasing as area increases.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
35Equilibrium – Organismal View (Secondary Succession)
- ASuccession follows an orderly, predictable, autogenic pattern towards the same climax community in response to disturbance
- BSuccession is a general pattern with much random variation, because each species and disturbance is unique.
- CPatterns repeat again and again.
- DEach community is a unique assemblage.
36Non-Equilibrium – Individualistic View
(Secondary Succession)- APatterns repeat again and again.
- BSuccession follows an orderly, predictable, autogenic pattern towards the same climax community in response to disturbance.
- CSuccession is a general pattern with much random variation, because each species and disturbance is unique.
- DEach community is a unique assemblage.
37Aspen Parkland: Shifting mosaic of fescue grasslands and aspen woodlands, repeated over millions of hectares across BC, AB, SK, MB.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
38The two deterministic models of the secondary succession debate are "Relay Floristics Model" and "F-T-I Models"
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
39Assembly rules: Regional Processes
- ASpecies pool limits which species and how many inhabit a site.
Therefore: common species more likely to colonize a disturbed site. - BDispersal adaptations for movement (wind, water, animals) and longevity (dormant, non-dormant) limits order or sequence of arrival.
Therefore: species that disperse easily more likely to colonize a site. - CCompetition for resources leads to dominance, co-existence, or extinction.
Therefore: irrigate, fertilize, or amend soils to facilitate or inhibit species, and help battle invasive alien species. - DLong-term changes can change the species pool (extinctions or introductions) and processes (climate, disturbance, pollution).
Therefore: expect and prepare for invasive alien species and pollution to complicate restoration of stress-tolerant ecosystems.
- ASpecies pool limits which species and how many inhabit a site.
40Assembly rules: Biotic Filters
- AColonization sequence offers priority effects to first species arriving.
Therefore: select species that compete and accelerate succession. - BClimate dictates sunlight, heat, and water quantity. Soil parent material limits plant tolerance, performance, and productivity.
Therefore: if microclimate and mineral soil are permanently changed you can’t go back and must accept something new. - CCompetition for resources leads to dominance, co-existence, or extinction.
Therefore: irrigate, fertilize, or amend soils to facilitate or inhibit species, and help battle invasive alien species. - DSpecies interactions affect succession and community diversity.
Therefore: Consider restoring keystone predators or pest controls, decomposers, pollinators, inoculants, or protect from herbivores.
- AColonization sequence offers priority effects to first species arriving.
41Assembly rules: Abiotic Filters (Environmental/Habitat Conditions)
- AClimate dictates sunlight, heat, and water quantity. Soil parent material limits plant tolerance, performance, and productivity.
Therefore: if microclimate and mineral soil are permanently changed you can’t go back and must accept something new. - BOn-going natural disturbance from fire, floods, and grazing may be needed to achieve a desired community type and diversity.
Therefore: restoration may require on-going management and patience for nature, and not a one-time intervention.
- AClimate dictates sunlight, heat, and water quantity. Soil parent material limits plant tolerance, performance, and productivity.
42Community Ecology & Disturbance
- AResilience
- BResistance
- CDegredation
- DRecovery
43Community Ecology & Disturbance
- ADisturbance
- BSuccession
44Primary Succession & Soil Genesis
- ALacustrine
- BAlluvial
- CMarine
- DColluvial
- ETill
- FOutwash, L, A, M
- GEolian
45Primary Succession & Soil Genesis
- AAnnual Weed
- BPerennial Grass
- CPerennial Forb or Shrub
- DTrees
46Assembly Rules
- AR
- BA
- CB
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Biology 420E Quiz am Succession & Assembly , erstellt von Amy Akizuki am 07/12/2018.
- Autor
- Amy Akizuki
- Sprache
- English
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