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ItP | Final Exam
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Fragen in diesem Quiz (118)
1Rachels says that finding satisfaction in helping others is not
- ASelfishness
- BWorthwhile
- CMoral
- DKarmic
2The philosopher Harry Browne upholds what philosophical view?
- Adeterminism
- Bskepticism
- Cegosim
- Dmaterialism
3The idea of karma can combine
- ALife and death
- BRightness and wrongness
- CDeterminism and freedom
- DThe whole and the part
4Gail Stenstad is a
- AGreek theologian
- BPlatonic philosopher
- CFeminist philosopher
- DReligious theologian
5Who wrote: "Freedom is not caprice, nor is Karma necessity."
- APlato
- BSarvepalli Radhakrishnan
- CViktor Frankl
- DBuddha
6Karma means literally
- AAction
- BMovement
- CRightness
- DFate
7The belief that there is just one God is
- APantheism
- BAgnosticism
- CMonotheism
- DHeresy
8What subfield of philosophy is concerned with moral values and moral principles?
- Atheology
- Bethics
- Cmetaphysics
- Depistemology
9The view of philosophy as the activity of examining our assumptions and beliefs about ourselves and the universe around us was expressed by
- APlato
- BPerictione
- CAristotle
- DBuddha
10Based on his experience in a Nazi prison camp, what philosopher argued that human beings are ultimately free and that each of us has the freedom to be whoever we choose to be?
- ABuddha
- BGail Stenstad
- CPaul Henri d'Holbach
- DViktor Frankl
11The philosophical view that human beings act only out of self-interest is called
- Aexistentialism
- Baltruism
- Cpsychological egoism
- Dnatural selection
12J.J. C. Smart endorsed what theory of human nature?
- AIdentity theory
- BCoextension theory
- CThe Traditional View
- DThe Existential View
13All that a valid deductive argument guarantees is that if its premises are true, then the conclusion has to be ____.
- Atrue
- Bsound
- Cvalid
- Dfalse
14____ says there is no universal human nature, no rational human nature, no purpose for human nature.
- AGenevieve Lloyd
- BPlato
- CJean-Paul Sartre
- DAristotle
15Who wrote Being and Nothingness?
- ASartre
- BHeidegger
- CNietzsche
- DDarwin
16Who said that men possess "a powerful measure of desire for aggressiveness"?
- ASigmund Freud
- BSocrates
- CPlato
- DJeremy Bentham
17What, for Plato, was an eternal and perfect ideal that existed in an unchanging heaven?
- AForms
- BSouls
- CReason
- DSpirit
18An argument that is both valid and has true premises is called a(n) ____ argument.
- Areasonable
- Bsound
- Crational
- Dinductive
19What contemporary American philosopher argued that behind every action we perform is a "self-regarding end"?
- AGarrett J. DeWeese
- BJean Paul-Sartre
- CSigmund Freud
- DMark Mercer
20The view that "all humans have a rational spiritual self that is distinct from its body" is the
- ABuddhist view
- BRational View
- CTraditional View
- DHindu View
21Sartre endorses
- ALibertarianism
- BDeterminism
- CLaPlacianism
- DPsychologism
22What contemporary Canadian philosopher argues that all the things in the universe are thoughts in the mind of God?
- AJohn Leslie
- BJohn Rawls
- CJosiah Royce
- DF. H. Bradley
23Which pragmatist was concerned with the logical implications of ideas?
- AJohn Dewey
- BC. S. Pierce
- CWilliam James
- DElmer Sprague
24Heidegger was influenced by which view?
- ADescartes' skepticism
- BHusserl's phenomenology
- CAyer's positivism
- DJames' pragmatism
25What philosopher argued that reality can be explained in terms of the smallest pieces of matter he called atoms?
- AAristotle
- BPlato
- CSaint Augustine
- DDemocritus
26Who wrote the following: "Now many linguistic utterances are analogous to laughing in that they have only an expressive function, no representative function."?
- AJacques Derrida
- BWilliam James
- CThomas Hobbes
- DRudolf Carnap
27The view that there are many realities and that realities are constructed by the many languages of the cultures and subcultures is called
- Apragmatism.
- Bexistentialism.
- Cpostmodernism.
- Drealism.
28The statement, "All bachelors are unmarried." is a(n)
- Aanalytical statement.
- Bsynthetic statment.
- Cmeaningless statement.
- Dempirical statement.
29Which view is the heir of pragmatism and idealism?
- AInmaterialism
- BAntirealism
- CIrrealism
- DMaterialism
30For what philosopher(s) does reality contain every possible kind of being, from the "lowest" kind of inert matter to the "highest" kind of spirit?
- AThomas Hobbes
- BKarl Marx
- CSaint Augustine
- DCharvaka Philosophers of India
31Who said that many people believe that God is basically there to make us happy?
- AWilliam Craig
- BNicholas Smith
- CJohn Hicks
- DImmanuel Kant
32Which distinction does Hicks draw on to defend Aquinas' first-cause argument?
- ABetween a regress of explanations and a regress of results
- BBetween a regress of explanations and a regress of questions
- CBetween a regress of events and a regress of questions
- DBetween a regress of events and a regress of explanations
33The ontological argument argues for the existence of God on the basis of
- Athe need for a first cause that brought the universe into existence.
- Bthe evidence of design in the universe.
- Cthe deep-seated conviction that there is a purpose and meaning to human life.
- Dthe mere idea we have of God.
34Who argued that the concept of an absolutely necessary being is not proven by the fact that reason apparently requires this?
- AGuanilo
- BAnselm
- CKant
- DAquinas
35What aspect of our nature did James say we should rely on when faced with living, forced, and momentous decisions?
- APassional
- BSpiritual
- CRational
- DPrudential
36Kierkegaard's distinction between the objective and the subjective thinker is essentially a distinction between
- AIdealism and materialism
- BReason and faith
- CPassion and prudence
- DSense and sensibilia
37William Paley's argument from design is usually described as a(n)
- Aargument from ignorance.
- Bconjunction fallacy.
- Cargument by innuendo.
- Dargument from analogy.
38Charles Darwin's theory of evolution raised problems for which theistic argument?
- Athe argument by design
- Bpragmatic justifications of religious belief
- Cthe ontological argument
- Dthe cosmological argument
39What philosopher argues that a male conception of God has had an oppressive impact on women?
- AMary Daly
- BPaul Tilich
- CWilliam James
- DBuddha
40Which argument for the existence of God is accepted by George Ellis, J. C. Polinghorne, and Holmes Rolston?
- AThe argument from design
- BThe argument from first cause
- CThe cosmological argument
- DThe ontological argument
41According to Kant, statements that give us information about the world are
- ASynthetic statements
- BAnalytic statements
- CSkeptical statements
- DAgnostic statements
42The emipricist believes that
- Athe only source of genuine knowledge is sense experience.
- Bapart from experience, reason is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge.
- Cthere is no evidence of innate ideas within the mind.
- Dall of these choices
43Who claimed that the claim that the world must conform to the mind was a kind of Copernican revolution in knowledge?
- AHume
- BLocke
- CDescartes
- DKant
44George Berkeley called his position
- Askepticism.
- Brationalism.
- Cmaterialism.
- Dinmaterialism.
45In Hume's philosophy, all the contents of our mind can be reduced to those given by the senses and experience. He calls these
- Aperceptions.
- Bimages.
- Csense data.
- Dbrain waves.
46"All triangles have three sides" is an example of a(n) ____ statement.
- Aanalytic
- Bsynthetic
- Ca posteriori
- Danalytic a posteriori
47Descartes' methodological point of departure was
- AEmpiricism
- BRationalism
- CSkepticism
- DTheism
48The argument, "The three Toyota Corollas I've owned turned out to be pretty reliable, so I think all Toyota Corollas are going to be reliable." is an example of a(n)
- Adeductive generalization.
- Binductive generalization.
- Cgenetic fallacy.
- Dabusive ad hominem.
49Who was a Romantic philosopher?
- AKant
- BCopernicus
- CHegel
- DHumboldt
50Carried to an extreme Berkeley's thinking can become
- ARationalism
- BAtheism
- CSolipisism
- DMaterialism
51How many kinds of particles and forces are recognized in the standard theory of matter?
- AThree kinds of particles, four kinds of forces
- BFour kinds of forces, three kinds of particles
- CThree kinds of particles, three kinds of forces
- DFour kinds of forces [particles], four kinds of forces
52What philosopher argued that we should strive to develop a perfect language in which we could express our ideas with complete clarity?
- AThomas Aquinas
- BGottfried Leibniz
- CWilhelm Dilthey
- DFriedrich Schleiermacher
53Who argued that the truth of an idea depends on the practical difference it makes?
- AHume
- BLocke
- CJames
- DRussell
54Vatsyayana accepted which view of truth?
- ARationalism
- BFoundationalism
- CCorrespondence
- DPragmatism
55Gettier examples assume
- AThat people are justified in believing things when they rely on their past experiences
- BThat justified true belief constitutes knowledge
- CThat people are justified in believing things when they rely on others' testimony
- DThat people can only rely on their senses for knowledge
56What philosopher wrote the following: "The language and the history of the time the writer was living in is the context within which individual texts have to be interpreted."?
- AFriedrich Nietzsche
- BThomas Aquinas
- CHermes
- DFriedrich Schleiermacher
57Wilfred Sellars argued that
- AThere were no basic beliefs
- BThat our basic beliefs are foundational
- CThat knowledge is impossible
- DThat knowledge is culturally relative
58Bertrand Russell developed a
- AFoundational theory
- BPragmatic. theory
- CCorrespondence theory
- DSkeptical theory
59John Searle believes that all true propositions are those
- AThat correspond to mental states
- BThat correspond to facts
- CThat have a certain intellectual pedigree
- DThat rest on foundational beliefs
60According to the ____ theory of truth a statement is true if it is useful to believe.
- Apragmatic
- Bcoherence
- Cfoundationalist
- Dcorrespondence
61What ancient Greek philosopher argued that friendship is a virtue and an essential component of living morally?
- AEpicuras
- BAristotle
- CPlato
- DDemocritus
62Divine command theory is a(n) ____ ethical theory.
- Autilitarian
- Bdeontological
- Cnonconsequentialist
- Dconsequentialist
63What philosopher wrote: "The business of the wise and good man is to live conforming to nature"?
- APlato
- BEpicuras
- CEpictetus
- DZeno
64What 1973 Supreme Court case ruled that government may not make laws restricting abortions performed during the first six months of pregnancy?
- APlanned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
- BWebster v. Reproductive Health Services
- CRoe v. Wade
- DPlessy v. Ferguson
65A theory that measures the morality of an action by its consequences is a
- ADeontological theory
- BPragmatic theory
- CPrudential theory
- DConsequentialist theory
66Who developed the categorical imperative?
- AKant
- BAquinas
- CAristotle
- DMill
67The utilitarian ethics of Bentham and Mill is a version of
- Avirtue ethics.
- Bdivine command theory.
- Cconsequentialist ethics.
- Ddeontological ethics.
68The view that only pleasure is worth having for its own sake is
- AHedonism
- BConsequentialism
- CEgoism
- DDeontology
69The ethical view that holds that humans should live according to nature is called
- Aconsequentialist ethics.
- Bvirtue ethics.
- Cdeontological ethics.
- Dnatural law ethics.
70Aristotle endorsed:
- ADivine command ethics
- BConsequentialist ethics
- CVirtue ethics
- DDeontological ethics
71In his defense of civil disobedience, Martin Luther King, Jr. argued that
- Aan unjust law is no law at all.
- Binstead of trying to change people's hearts, we should kill the people who uphold unjust laws.
- Cthe law cannot be used to enforce morality.
- Dviolent resistance to an unjust law is morally justified.
72The view that the wealth that is produced in society belongs to everyone in society is
- ASocialism
- BLibertarianism
- CSubstantive egalitarianism
- DFormal Egalitarianism
73According to Nozick, what sort of theory of justice does Rawls develop?
- ASocialist
- BHistorical
- CPatterned
- DFormal
74Rawls' "difference principle" states that
- Asocial and economic differences are acceptable as long as they result from differences in people's natural abilities
- Bsocial and economic inequalities should be arranged to result in the greatest benefit to the least advantaged.
- Csociety should not control the distribution of wealth.
- Dthere should be no differences in people's e economic rewards.
75Which of the following philosophers argued that a law is nothing more than a command issued by a ruler, backed by threats of punishment and maintained by a habit of obedience?
- AJohn Stuart Mill
- BThomas Aquinas
- CJohn Austin
- DMartin Luther King Jr.
76In opposition to social contract theory, David Hume argued
- Agovernments are formed by conquest or succession.
- Bthere is no legitimate authority for government.
- Cthe government derives its authority from God.
- Dthe government must have absolute power in order to avoid chaos.
77What philosopher wrote that life without government would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"?
- AJohn Stuart Mill
- BThomas Hobbes
- CJohn Rawls
- DJohn Locke
78What philosopher argues that the just society is the one that distributes benefits and burdens in whatever way will produce the greatest social benefits or inflict the lowest social harms?
- AMichael Sandel
- BJohn Stuart Mill
- CJohn Rawls
- DKarl Marx
79Which of the following philosophers argued that the individual will develop fully only if he embraces the cultural practices of the state of which he is a member?
- ACharles Taylor
- BGeorge W. F. Hegel
- CKarl Marx
- DJohn Rawls
80Which two needs does Hobbes believes drive human action?
- APersonal gain and love of others
- BPersonal gain and survival
- CLove of others and survival
- DLove of others and desire for peace
81For Kierkegaard, the commitment to the ethical stage of life involves
- Aembracing the fear as the meaning of life.
- Bembracing pleasure as the meaning of life.
- Crestraining one's desire for pleasure.
- Da "leap of faith".
82One proponent of the theistic response to the question of whether life has meaning is
- ASartre
- BHeidegger
- CAquinas
- DAristotle
83For Marx, the more perfect world would be a world without
- Adivision of labor.
- Beconomic classes.
- Cslavery.
- Dracial divisions.
84Who said, "So the ultimate purpose of human beings is to know God"?
- AGeorg W. F. Hegel
- BAlbert Camus
- CThomas Aquinas
- DLeo Tolstoy
85Rudolf Carnap endorsed:
- APragmatism
- BIdealism
- CAntirealism
- DLogical positivism
86Soren Kierkegaard described three lifestyles, which he called aesthetic, ethical and
- Apolitcal.
- Bontological.
- Creligious.
- Dnihilistic.
87Sartre was
- AA monotheist
- BAn athiest
- CAn agnostic
- DA theist
88What did Hegel argue?
- AThat history was bunk
- BThat history was irrelevant to philosophy
- CThat history shows progress
- DThat those who are ignorant of history are doomed to repeat it.
89For Francis Fukuyama,
- AThe end of the world is near
- BHistory is no longer progressing
- CThe price if progress has risen
- DHistory of progressing more rapidly
90For Kierkegaard, the meaning of life is
- Afound in studying art.
- Bobjective.
- Cmeaningless.
- Dsubjective.
91What philosopher argues for determinism, the view that all things and all human beings are unfree?
- APlato
- BVicktor Frankl
- CSarvepalli Radhakrishnan
- DPaul Henri d'Holbach
92Who said that whatever the gods love is holy?
- AEuthyphro
- BEuripides
- CPlato
- DSocrates
93Epistemology literally means
- Athe study of morality
- Bthe study of whether humans are free or unfree
- Cthe study of reality
- Dthe study of knowledge
94What philosopher wrote: "Everyone is selfish; everyone is doing what he believes will make himself happier."
- AHarry Browne
- BPerictione
- CMahatma Gandhi
- DJames Rachels
95What philosopher argued that service toward others is our primary moral duty?
- AHarry Browne
- BPlato
- CMahatma Gandhi
- DAristotle
96What philosopher argued that humans act only out of self-interest and are material bodies?
- AAristotle
- BSigmund Freud
- CMark Mercer
- DThomas Hobbes
97Plotinus was influenced by
- APlutarch
- BPlato
- CAugustine
- DAquinas
98An argument whose conclusion necessarily has to be true if the premises are true is
- Ainductive
- Bdeductive
99Who proposed the idea of natural selection?
- APlato
- BPlotinus
- CCharles Taylor
- DCharles Darwin
100The view that humans are whatever they make themselves is termed
- APlatonism
- BExistentialism
- CBuddhism
- DDarwinism
101What philosopher argued that our individual identity depends on relationships with others, such that who we are cannot be separated from our relationships with others?
- AGeorge Mavrodes
- BPlato
- CHegel
- DAristotle
102The view that there are no absolute truth but that all truth is relative to groups or persons, acculturation or personal bias is called
- Arealism.
- Bpragmatism.
- Crelativism.
- Dphenomenology.
103Who is best known for writing of our own human being in the world, our Dasein?
- APlato
- BHeidegger
- CHusserl
- DJames
104An unusual aspect of consciousness is that the objects of which one is conscious need not exist. This feature of consciousness is called
- Aawareness.
- Bspatiality.
- Cintensionality.
- Dsubjectivity.
105Who was also known as the Lokyata?
- AThe Augustinians
- BThe Charvakas
- CThe Hindus
- DThe Buddhists
106The view that whatever I perceive is merely one of my perceptions or a collection of them is known as
- AObjective materialism
- BSubjective materailism
- CObjective idealsim
- DSubjective idealism
107A. J. Ayer believed that there were only two kinds of meaningful statements:
- ARelations of fact and statements of ideas
- BEmpirical hypotheses and statements of fact
- CRelations of ideas and tautologies
- DRelations of ideas and statements of fact
108What French philosopher argues that the scientist's objective time is just a conceptual abstraction, a construct of the mind?
- AJ.J. C. Smart
- BImmanuel Kant
- CEdmund Husserl
- DHenri Bergson
109Who wrote, "The aim of phenomenology is described as the study of experiences with a view to bringing out their 'essences,' their underlying reason."?
- AEdmund Husserl
- BMaurice Merleau-Ponty
- CJean Grimshaw
- DHilary Putnam
110The philosophical view that a real world exists independently of our language, our thoughts, our perceptions, and our beliefs is called
- Apostmodernism.
- Bpragmatism.
- Crealism.
- Dantirealism.
111Thomas Hobbes endorses
- AExistentialism
- BDeterminism
- CCompatibilism
- DLibertarianism
112Anselm developed a version of the
- ACosmological argument
- BArgument from design
- COntological argument
- DTeleological argument
113Brahman is the Hindu word for
- Aultimate reality.
- Bthe moral law of cause and effect.
- Cthe soul.
- Devil.
114Which statement best characterizes John Hick's position?
- AA world without suffering would be unsatisfactory and people could not develop into virtuous beings.
- BGod is dead.
- CA good God would make our life completely free of pain.
- DThe reason God allows suffering in this life is to punish us when we have gone astray.
115Who, in 1802, presented a version of the design argument?
- APaley
- BPascal
- CHume
- DHicks
116In your textbook, one of the refutation's of the argument from design made by David Hume was that
- Athe analogy between human creation and the universe is weak
- BGod has all the limitations of human creators
- Cexistence is a property that makes a being more perfect
- Dit was logically impossible for the world to have always existed without a beginning.
117What philosopher argues that the religious experiences can legitimately serve as the basis for a belief in God?
- AJohn Hicks
- BKarl Marx
- CWilliam James
- DStephen T. Davis
118In his argument for God, William Paley uses the analogy of
- Aa perfect pair of shoes.
- Ba large ball found in the woods.
- Cthe information found in the DNA molecule.
- Da watch found upon the ground.
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- All chapter quiz questions, as well as additional midterm exam questions. Review for final exam of Introduction to Philosophy.
- Autor
- Sandi Vande Voort
- Sprache
- English
- Aufrufe
- 15
- Schlagwörter
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