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USA - Pharmacology - Vocab

Beschreibung

Units 1-4 (plan to add 5-8, as we get to them).
Ben Williams
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Ben Williams
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
A drug name that is derived from the specific chemical structure of the compound. This name is not used clinically but is shortened in some way to form the drug’s more common name.
Antworten
  • Chemical name
  • Generic name
  • Nonproprietary name
  • Trade name

Frage 2

Frage
The name applied to a drug, which is not protected by a trademark. Usually a shortened version of the drug's chemical name.
Antworten
  • Generic Name
  • Trade Name
  • Proprietary Name

Frage 3

Frage
The name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical company; it is protected by a trademark and used by the company for marketing the drug
Antworten
  • Trade Name
  • Chemical Name
  • Generic Name

Frage 4

Frage
Drugs designated by the federal government as having increased potential for abuse and illegal use. These substances are grouped into five categories (schedules), with schedule I substances having the highest abuse potential and schedule V substances having a relatively low potential for abuse.
Antworten
  • Controlled Substances
  • Orphan Drugs
  • Over-the-counter drugs (OTC)

Frage 5

Frage
The relationship between incremental doses of a drug and the magnitude of the reaction that those doses will cause.
Antworten
  • Dose-response curve
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Therapeutic index (TI)

Frage 6

Frage
The drug dose that produces a specific therapeutic response in 50 percent of the patients in whom it is tested.
Antworten
  • Median effective dose (ED50)
  • Median lethal dose (LD50)
  • Median toxic dose (TD50)

Frage 7

Frage
The drug dose that causes death in 50 percent of the experimental animals in which it is tested.
Antworten
  • Median effective dose (ED50)
  • Median lethal dose (LD50)
  • Median toxic dose (TD50

Frage 8

Frage
The drug dose that produces a specific adverse response in 50 percent of the patients in whom it is tested.
Antworten
  • Median effective dose (ED50)
  • Median lethal dose (LD50)
  • Median toxic dose (TD50)

Frage 9

Frage
A drug is prescribed to treat conditions other than those approved by the FDA.
Antworten
  • Off-label prescribing
  • Over-the-counter drugs (OTC)
  • Orphan drugs
  • Pharmacodynamics

Frage 10

Frage
Drugs that are designed and approved to treat rare diseases. Because these drugs are only used in a small patient population (usually less than 200,000 people), financial and other incentives are often provided by various sources to encourage a drug company to develop and market the drug.
Antworten
  • Orphan drugs
  • Over-the-counter drugs (OTC)
  • Prescription Drugs
  • Controlled substances

Frage 11

Frage
The study of how drugs affect the body—that is, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of drug action
Antworten
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics

Frage 12

Frage
The study of the how genetic variability can influence drug responses and metabolism.
Antworten
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics

Frage 13

Frage
The study of how the body handles drugs—that is, the manner in which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.
Antworten
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics

Frage 14

Frage
The study of how drugs are used in the prevention and treatment of disease.
Antworten
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics

Frage 15

Frage
Therapeutic index (TI)
Antworten
  • A ratio used to represent the relative safety of a particular drug; the larger the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. It is calculated as the median toxic dose divided by the median effective dose.
  • A ratio used to represent the relative safety of a particular drug; the smaller the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. It is calculated as the median effective dose divided by the median toxic dose.
  • A ratio used to represent the relative safety of a particular drug; the smaller the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. It is calculated as the median toxic dose divided by the median effective dose.
  • A ratio used to represent the relative safety of a particular drug; the larger the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. It is calculated as the median effective dose divided by the median toxic dose.

Frage 16

Frage
The extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation following administration by various routes.
Antworten
  • Bioavailability
  • First-pass effect
  • Second-pass effect
  • Systemic Effect

Frage 17

Frage
Buccal
Antworten
  • Referring to the cheek
  • Referring to the chin
  • Referring to the tonque
  • Referring to the buccus

Frage 18

Frage
Administration of drugs by way of the alimentary canal.
Antworten
  • Enteral administration
  • Alimentary administration
  • Parentral administration
  • Intrathecal administration

Frage 19

Frage
The phenomenon in which drugs absorbed from the stomach and small intestine must pass through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. Certain drugs undergo extensive hepatic metabolism because of their trip through the liver.
Antworten
  • First-pass effect
  • Liver effect
  • Bioavailability

Frage 20

Frage
Administration of substances within a sheath; typically refers to injection into the sub-arachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord.
Antworten
  • Intrathecal Administration
  • Parenteral administration
  • Enteral administration
  • Sublingual administration

Frage 21

Frage
Administration of drugs by routes other than via the alimentary canal: by injection, transdermally, topically, and so on.
Antworten
  • Parenteral administration
  • Intrathecal administration
  • Sublingual administration
  • Enteral administration

Frage 22

Frage
Drugs administered under the tongue and are absorbed into the systemic circulation via the venous drainage.
Antworten
  • Sublingual administration
  • Parenteral administration
  • Enteral administration
  • Intrathecal administration

Frage 23

Frage
A ratio used to estimate the distribution of a drug within the body relative to the total amount of fluid in the body. It is calculated as the amount of drug administered divided by the plasma concentration of the drug.
Antworten
  • Volume of distribution
  • Potency
  • Bioavailability

Frage 24

Frage
A series of enzymes located on the smooth endo-plasmic reticulum that are important in catalyzing drug biotransformation.
Antworten
  • Drug microsomal metabolizing system
  • Proton Pump
  • Metabolites

Frage 25

Frage
Biochemical changes that occur to the drug within the body, usually resulting in the breakdown and inactivation of the drug
Antworten
  • Biotransformation
  • Half-Life
  • Clearance

Frage 26

Frage
The process by which the active form of the drug is removed from the bloodstream by either metabolism or excretion.
Antworten
  • Clearance
  • Biotransformation
  • Half-life

Frage 27

Frage
An enzyme located on the inner surface of many cell membranes; it is important in mediating biochemical changes in the cell in response to drug and hormone stimulation
Antworten
  • Adenylate cyclase
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Frage 28

Frage
A drug that binds to a receptor and causes some change in cell function
Antworten
  • Agonist
  • Antagonist

Frage 29

Frage
A drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause a change in cell activity
Antworten
  • Agonist
  • Antagonist

Frage 30

Frage
Substances that bind to a cell receptor and alter the receptor’s affinity for specific drugs
Antworten
  • Allosteric modulators
  • G proteins
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulators

Frage 31

Frage
The ring-shaped conformation of adenosine monophosphate, which is important in acting as a second messenger in mediating the intracellular response to drug stimulation.
Antworten
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • Adenylate cyclase
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Frage 32

Frage
A brief and transient decrease in the responsiveness of cellular receptors to drug effects.
Antworten
  • Desensitization
  • Down-regulation

Frage 33

Frage
A prolonged decrease in the number and/or sensitivity of drug receptors, usually occurring as a compensatory response to over stimulation of the receptor.
Antworten
  • Desensitization
  • Down-regulation

Frage 34

Frage
An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord.
Antworten
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • Adenylate cyclase
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Frage 35

Frage
Bind with guanine nucleotides and regulate cell activity. They often serve as a link between surface receptors and ion channels or intracellular enzymes such as adenylate cyclase.
Antworten
  • G proteins
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulators
  • Allosteric modulators

Frage 36

Frage
A drug that activates estrogen receptors on bone and vascular tissues, while blocking estrogen receptors on breast and uterine tissues. These drugs can be used to enhance bone mineralization and to prevent certain cancers.
Antworten
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulator
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • Adenylate cyclase

Frage 37

Frage
A neurotransmitter in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Principal synapses using this neurotransmitter include the skeletal neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, and certain pathways in the brain.
Antworten
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Aldosterone
  • Dopamine
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Frage 38

Frage
A neurotransmitter that is important in certain brain pathways and in the terminal synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.
Antworten
  • Norepinephrine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Aldosterone
  • Dopamine
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Frage 39

Frage
A steroid (mineralocorticoid) hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that acts on the kidney to increase sodium reabsorption, thereby retaining sodium in the body.
Antworten
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Aldosterone
  • Dopamine
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Frage 40

Frage
A neurotransmitter located in the central nervous system (CNS) that is important in motor control and in certain aspects of behavior. The presence of endogenous or exogenous ______ in the periphery also affects cardiovascular function.
Antworten
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Aldosterone
  • Dopamine
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Frage 41

Frage
An enzyme that breaks down phosphodiester bonds in organic compounds. They are important clinically because they break down second messengers such as cyclic AMP, and drugs that inhibit these enzymes prolong the effects of cyclic AMP in the lungs and other tissues.
Antworten
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Aldosterone
  • Dopamine
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Frage 42

Frage
Refers to synapses or physiological responses involving epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Antworten
  • Adrenergic
  • Cholinergic
  • Inotropic

Frage 43

Frage
Refers to synapses or physiological responses involving acetylcholine.
Antworten
  • Adrenergic
  • Cholinergic
  • Inotropic

Frage 44

Frage
Refers to a substance that increases muscular contraction force (positive ____) or decreases contraction force (negative _____). Certain cardiac drugs are considered positive _____ because they increase the force of cardiac contractions.
Antworten
  • Inotropic
  • Adrenergic
  • Cholinergic

Frage 45

Frage
Drugs that decrease activity at acetylcholine synapses. These agents are often used to diminish activity in the parasympathetic nervous system.
Antworten
  • Anticholinergics
  • Sympatholytics
  • Anticoagulants
  • Fibrinolytics

Frage 46

Frage
Drugs that inhibit or antagonize function within the sympathetic nervous system.
Antworten
  • Parasympatholytic
  • Sympatholytics
  • Anticoagulants
  • Fibrinolytics
  • Anticholinergics

Frage 47

Frage
Drugs that decrease the blood’s capacity to coagulate (clot).
Antworten
  • Anticoagulants
  • Anticholinergics
  • Sympatholytics
  • Fibrinolytics

Frage 48

Frage
Drugs which facilitate the breakdown and dissolution of clots that have already formed. These drugs work by converting plasminogen (profibrinolysin) to plasmin (fibrinolysin).
Antworten
  • Fibrinolytics
  • Anticoagulants
  • Sympatholytics
  • Anticholinergics

Frage 49

Frage
The clinical syndrome of bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability associated with neurotransmitter abnormalities within the basal ganglia.
Antworten
  • Parkinson disease
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemophilia

Frage 50

Frage
A condition characterized by insulin resistance, high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
Antworten
  • Parkinson disease
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemophilia

Frage 51

Frage
Severe pain and constriction in the chest region, usually associated with myocardial ischemia.
Antworten
  • Parkinson disease
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemophilia

Frage 52

Frage
A clinical syndrome of cardiac disease that is marked by decreased myocardial contractility, peripheral edema, shortness of breath, and decreased tolerance for physical exertion.
Antworten
  • Parkinson disease
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemophilia

Frage 53

Frage
A hereditary disease in which an individual is unable to synthesize adequate amounts of a specific clotting factor.
Antworten
  • Parkinson disease
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Angina pectoris
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemophilia

Frage 54

Frage
A sudden fall in blood pressure that occurs when the patient stands erect; this is a frequent side effect of many medications.
Antworten
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Hypertension
  • Arrhythmia
  • Hemostasis
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Thrombus

Frage 55

Frage
A pathological condition characterized by a sustained, reproducible increase in blood pressure.
Antworten
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Hypertension
  • Arrhythmia
  • Hemostasis
  • Thrombus
  • Hyperlipidemia

Frage 56

Frage
A significant deviation from normal cardiac rhythm that results in a heart rate that is slower or faster than normal, or irregular.
Antworten
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Hypertension
  • Arrhythmia
  • Hemostasis
  • Thrombus
  • Hyperlipidemia

Frage 57

Frage
The process of preventing blood loss from the circulation following injury to blood vessels.
Antworten
  • Hemostasis
  • Thrombus
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Arrhythmia
  • Hypertension
  • Orthostatic hypotension

Frage 58

Frage
A blood clot formed by the activation of fibrin and platelets
Antworten
  • Arrhythmia
  • Thrombus
  • Hemostasis

Frage 59

Frage
A chronic and excessive increase in plasma lipids in the blood.
Antworten
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Hemostasis
  • Hypertension
  • Arrhythmia

Frage 60

Frage
A protein produced in the brain that helps sustain neuronal activity and growth. It may be important in mediating the effects of antidepressants and other CNS drugs.
Antworten
  • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
  • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
  • G-Protein

Frage 61

Frage
An enzyme that degrades levodopa to an inactive metabolite in the bloodstream and other tissues. Certain drugs (e.g. carbidopa) can protect levodopa so that it is not degraded prematurely in patients with Parkinson disease.
Antworten
  • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
  • Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
  • Acetylcholinesterase
  • Levodotransferase

Frage 62

Frage
A feeling of extreme motor restlessness and an inability to sit still; may occur because of antipsychotic drug therapy.
Antworten
  • Akathisia
  • Dyskinesia
  • Tardive dyskinesia
  • Epilepsy

Frage 63

Frage
An involuntary movement ranging from minor tremors and tics to severe uncoordinated movements of the trunk and extremities. These involuntary movements are associated with certain movement disorders and can also be a side effect of specific medications, such as antiparkinson drugs and antipsychotic medications.
Antworten
  • Dyskinesia
  • Akathisia
  • Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Epilepsy

Frage 64

Frage
A movement disorder characterized by involuntary, fragmented movements of the mouth, face, and jaw (i.e., chewing, sucking, tongue protrusion, etc.). This disorder may occur during the prolonged administration of antipsychotic drugs.
Antworten
  • Akathisia
  • Dyskinesia
  • Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Epilepsy

Frage 65

Frage
A chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures that are manifested as brief periods of altered consciousness, involuntary motor activity, or vivid sensory phenomena.
Antworten
  • Akathisia
  • Epilepsy
  • Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Dyskinesia

Frage 66

Frage
A term frequently used to describe antipsychotic drugs, referring to the tendency of these drugs to produce a behavioral syndrome of apathy, sedation, decreased initiative, and decreased responsiveness.
Antworten
  • Neuroleptic
  • Anticholinergic
  • Sedative
  • Anxiolytic

Frage 67

Frage
Drugs that decrease activity at acetylcholine synapses. These agents are often used to diminish activity in the parasympathetic nervous system.
Antworten
  • Anticholinergics
  • Sympatholytic
  • Anxiolytic
  • Neuroleptic

Frage 68

Frage
Period of several days to several weeks in which medications are withdrawn from the patient to allow recovery from drug tolerance or toxicity; sometimes used in patients with advanced cases of Parkinson disease.
Antworten
  • Drug Holiday
  • End-of-dose Akinesia
  • On-Off Phenomenon

Frage 69

Frage
A phenomenon in Parkinson disease in which the effectiveness of the medication wears off toward the end of the dosing interval, resulting in a virtual lack of volitional movement from the patient.
Antworten
  • End-of-dose akinesia
  • On-off phenomenon
  • Withdrawal

Frage 70

Frage
The fluctuation in response seen in certain patients with Parkinson disease, in which the effectiveness of medications may suddenly diminish at some point between dosages.
Antworten
  • On-off phenomenon
  • End-of-dose akinesia
  • Withdrawal
  • Pseudo-Parkinsonism

Frage 71

Frage
Administration of local anesthesia into the spinal canal between the bony vertebral column and the dura mater.
Antworten
  • Epidural nerve block
  • Spinal nerve block

Frage 72

Frage
Administration of local anesthesia into the spinal canal between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater (i.e., the subarachnoid space).
Antworten
  • Spinal nerve block
  • Epidural nerve block

Frage 73

Frage
Type of chemical linkage found in some local anesthetics involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (-NH-CO-)
Antworten
  • Amide
  • Ester

Frage 74

Frage
Type of chemical linkage found in some local anesthetics involving carbon and oxygen (-CO-O-)
Antworten
  • Ester
  • Amide
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