Quiz
Chapter 3 - Method & Theory
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Fragen in diesem Quiz (36)
1Which of the following research methods is a distinctive strategy within anthropology?
- Aits practice of cross-cultural comparison
- Bthe biological perspective
- Cethnography
- Dthe evolutionary perspective
- Eworking with skilled respondents
2All of the following are characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer EXCEPT
- Adetailed work with key consultants.
- Bdirect, firsthand observation of behavior, including participant observation.
- Cin-depth interviewing, often leading to the collection of life histories.
- Dproblem-oriented research.
- Elongitudinal analysis of data sets gathered from state-sponsored statistical agencies.
3An anthropologist has just arrived at a new field site and feels overwhelmed with a creepy, profound feeling of alienation, of being without some of the most ordinary, trivial (and therefore basic) cues of his culture of origin. What term best describes what he is experiencing?
- Aculture shock
- Bdiachrony
- Csynchrony
- Dconfigurationalism
- Eagency paralysis
4Which of the following is NOT an example of participant observation?
- Aadministering interviews according to an interview schedule over the phone
- Bhelping out at harvest time
- Cdancing at a ceremony
- Dbuying a shroud for a village ancestor
- Eengaging in informal chit-chat
5What did Bronislaw Malinowski mean when he referred to everyday cultural patterns as “the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior”?
- AFeatures of culture such as distinctive smells, noises people make, how they cover their mouths when they eat, and how they gaze at each other are so fundamental that natives take them for granted but are there for the ethnographer to describe and make sense of.
- BEveryday cultural patterns are full of senseless cultural “noise,” and it is the anthropologist’s job to get at the truly valuable behaviors that distinguish one culture from another.
- CEveryday cultural patterns of native life can best be studied by asking key informants to explain them.
- DFeatures of everyday culture are, at first, imponderable, but as the ethnographer builds rapport, their logic and functional value in society become clear.
- EEveryday cultural patterns are important but so numerous that their detailed description should not be included in the main body of an ethnographic study.
6In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport: a good, friendly working relationship, based on personal contact,
- Athat is necessary in conducting any valuable research in the social sciences, not just anthropology.
- Bthat if done properly ensures the ethnographer’s ability to conduct detached, unbiased research.
- Cachieved in large part by engaging in participant observation.
- Dand if that fails, the next option is to pay people so they will talk about their culture.
- Eas well as on payment, based on local standards, for people’s time spent with the researcher.
7The research technique that uses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections is called
- Akin-based interviewing.
- Bgenealogical participant observation.
- Cinterpretive anthropology.
- DDNA testing.
- Ethe genealogical method.
8What is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of native life?
- Arepresentative sample
- Betic informant
- Ckey cultural consultant
- Dbiased informant
- Elife-history approach specialist
9Ethnographers typically combine emic and etic research strategies in their fieldwork. This means they are interested in applying both
- Alocal- and scientist-oriented research approaches.
- Blocal and bifocal research approaches.
- Creflexive and salvage approaches.
- Dpersonal and impersonal research approaches.
- Egenealogical and survey methods.
10Which of the following is NOT a characteristic field technique of the ethnographer?
- Astructured interviewing
- Blife histories
- Crandom sampling
- Dworking with informants
- Ethe genealogical method
11Traditional ethnographic research focused on the single community or culture, which was treated as more or less isolated and unique in time and space; however,
- Aall such single communities have already been studied, so anthropologists have very limited project choices.
- Bthere has been a shift within the discipline toward recognition of ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information.
- Cthe American Anthropological Association still requires its members to strive toward research focused on one single community.
- Dthis is no longer true, nor has it ever really been true, a fact that renders classic ethnographies historical curiosities and not serious academic works.
- Ethere has been a shift within the discipline against the concept of culture and toward the individual as the only true, reliable unit of analysis.
12The relatively recent creation of virtual worlds has attracted contemporary ethnographers to venture into online communities. Of the various techniques used to study these virtual worlds, which has been most important?
- Aparticipant observation
- Binterviews
- Cgenealogical method
- Dkey consultants
- Elife histories
13Reflecting today’s world, in which people, images, and information move about as never before, fieldwork must be more flexible and done on a larger scale. The result of such fieldwork is often an ethnography that
- Achallenges anthropologists concerned with salvaging isolated and untouched cultures around the world.
- Bbecomes less useful and valuable to understanding culture.
- Cis increasingly multisited and multitimed, integrating analyses of external organizations and forces to understand local phenomena.
- Dis more traditional, negating anthropologists’ concerns about defending their field’s roots.
- Erequires researchers to stay at the same site for more than three years.
14In survey research, what is sampling?
- Athe collection of a study group from a larger population
- Bthe interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants
- Ca form of participant observation
- Dthe collection of life histories of every member in a community
- Ea collection reflecting the emic perspective
15In survey research, a sample should
- Ainclude the entire population in question.
- Binclude anyone who will be interviewed by the ethnographer.
- Ctarget only one social, cultural, or environmental factor that influences behavior.
- Dbe constituted so as to allow inferences about the larger population.
- Ebe invariant.
16In survey research, what term is used to refer to the attributes that vary among the members of a population?
- Aunknowns
- Bquestionnaires
- Cinterviews
- Dvariables
- Erandom samples
17 Despite the variety of research techniques the ethnographer may utilize in the field, in the best studies the hallmark of ethnography remains
- Acollaborating with the community to construct a cohesive image of local culture.
- Bentering the community and getting to know its people.
- Cgathering large quantities of data on a limited budget.
- Ddefining the local culture in such a way as to highlight what makes the particular culture so unlike any other.
- Eproviding detailed descriptions of “the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior.”
18This chapter’s survey of the major theoretical perspectives that have characterized anthropology highlights all of the following EXCEPT
- Aa continuous concern with how to define and study culture.
- Bthe theoretical and methodological shift from complexity to models that simplify human diversity.
- Ca continuous concern with scientific fundamentals and whether or not anthropology’s research subject is best studied scientifically.
- Dattention to whether or not anthropological data ought to be comparative across time and space.
- Ethe discipline’s profound commitment to understanding human diversity.
19 Lewis Henry Morgan is well known for his work League of the Iroquois, considered anthropology’s earliest ethnography. This and others of his works illustrate his view of unilinear evolutionism, which is that
- Acultural diversity was actually a sign of the slowing down of cultural evolution.
- Bonly the better and more civilized societies could survive.
- Call societies are on some path toward civilization, but the exact paths vary.
- Dnatural selection acts simultaneously on the biological and cultural aspects of human life.
- Ethere is one line or path through which all societies have to evolve, and this path involves specific stages that cannot be skipped, ending at the final stage of civilization.
20 Franz Boas is the undisputed father of four-field U.S. anthropology. One of his most important and enduring contributions to anthropology was
- AA. the field’s earliest example of multitimed and multisited ethnography.
- BB. providing evidence that both biology and culture are susceptible to evolutionary forces, thus providing a framework for the comparative method.
- CC. stressing the relevance of independent invention in human cultural history.
- DD. showing that human biology is plastic, and that biology (including race) does not determine culture.
- EE. expanding the local ethnographic focus to include a regional perspective.
2121. The view that each element of culture, such as the culture trait or trait complex, has its own distinctive history, and that social forms (such as totemism in different societies) that might look similar are not comparable because of their different histories, is known as
- AA. historical particularism.
- BB. cultural generalism.
- CC. the Boasian approach.
- DD. structural functionalism.
- EE. comparative functionalism.
2222. As investigators who illustrated the functionalist approach in anthropology, both Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown performed ethnographic research focused on
- AA. myth and ritual and the ways these aspects of culture created social cohesion.
- BB. the evolutionary history of present-day cultural patterns.
- Cthe role of cultural traits and practices in contemporary society.
- DD. the symbolic value that cultural traits and practices held with members of contemporary society.
- EE. the role of cultural traits and practices aimed at conflict resolution.
2323. Radcliffe-Brown advocated social anthropology as a synchronic rather than a diachronic science—that is, a study
- AA. of culture in motion (synchronic) rather than as a static entity (diachronic).
- BB. that compares cultural traits within the same society and not across societies.
- CC. of societies across time (synchronic) rather than across space (diachronic).
- DD. of societies as they exist today (synchronic, one at a time) rather than across time (diachronic).
- EE. of societies as made up of individuals, not as a sum greater than its parts.
24Which of the following terms refers to the theoretical paradigm that holds that customs (social practices) function to preserve the social structure?
- AA. the Manchester school
- BB. synchronic functionalism
- CC. configurationalism, as illustrated in the works of Benedict and Mead
- DD. Panglossian structuralism
- EE. structural functionalism, as illustrated in the work of Radcliffe-Brown and Evans-Pritchard
2525. The work of which of the following anthropologists illustrated a renewed interest in cultural change and even evolution (although of a very different sort than Tylor and Morgan had in mind)?
- AA. Ruth Benedict
- BB. Max Gluckman
- CC. Victor Turner
- DD. Julian Steward
- EE. Margaret Mead
2626. Despite the differences among theoretical paradigms of practitioners as varied as Harris (cultural materialism), White (general evolution), Steward (cultural ecology), and Mead (configurationalism), all of them have what in common?
- AA. a strong sense of determinism, leaving very little (if any) room for the exercise of individual human agency
- BB. a well-founded suspicion of the claims of science
- CC. an embrace of reflexive anthropology
- DD. a sense of moral duty to help the people they studied to accelerate their path to civilization
- EE. a strong concern for the future of anthropological education
2727. Émile Durkheim’s focus on social facts illustrates what assumption shared by many anthropologists?
- AA. Social fact, just like any other fact, can be studied objectively.
- BB. Culture is more of an idea in people’s heads than a social reality.
- CC. Culture is primarily a psychological and individual phenomenon.
- DD. Social phenomena studied by anthropologists require study methods that are different from those used by other social scientists.
- EE. Psychologists study individuals, but anthropologists study individuals as representative of something more: a collective phenomenon that is more than the sum of its parts.
2828. Interpretive anthropologists such as Clifford Geertz approach the study of culture as
- AA. a diachronic phenomenon.
- BB. functional puzzles.
- CC. a system of meaning.
- DD. underlying sets of rules that must be deciphered through the analysis of cultural patterns.
- EE. distinct from human psychology.
2929. Which is the key assumption in Claude Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism?
- AA. All myths can be classified as either good or evil.
- BB. The human propensity to classify phenomena in certain ways is acquired through enculturation.
- CC. There is a very specific role for human agency in culture, and the structure of cultural patterns determines that role.
- DD. Cultural patterns determine the human propensity to classify things in certain ways.
- EE. Human minds have certain universal characteristics that originate in common features of the Homo sapiens brain and lead people everywhere to think similarly regardless of their society or cultural background.
3030. The actions individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities are referred to as
- AA. psychological individualism.
- BB. dynamic structuralism.
- CC. free will.
- DD. agency.
- EE. volition.
3131. Practice theory
- AA. focuses on how individuals, through their actions and practices, influence and transform the world they live in.
- BB. was popularized by Margaret Mead in the 1940s.
- CC. is the only theoretical paradigm to effectively solve the “culture-individual” problem.
- DD. actually shares the same deterministic assumptions of earlier theoretical paradigms.
- EE. explains social phenomena only in nonindustrial societies.
3232. This chapter mentions the work of Wolf and Mintz, both students of Julian Steward, as illustrations of approaches that
- AA. put human agency at the center of cultural analysis.
- BB. focus on the study of cultures as closed systems, untouched by regional and even global dynamics.
- CC. ignore the role of history in shaping culture as we know it.
- DD. consider the relevance of world-system theory and political economy to anthropology.
- EE. are just as deterministic as the old evolutionary models, but for different reasons.
3333. More recent approaches in historical anthropology, while sharing an interest in power with world-system theorists, have focused more on
- AA. the structural causes of colonialism.
- BB. how anthropological theory can aid NGOs in writing an alternate history of oppressed peoples.
- CC. the role of colonial bureaucracies in shaping international culture.
- DD. local agency, the transformative actions of individuals and groups within colonized societies.
- EE. the state’s role in denying some of its citizens a place in history.
3434. “What right do ethnographers have to represent a people or culture to which they don’t belong?” This question illustrates
- AA. anthropology’s crisis in representation—questions about the role of the ethnographer and the nature of ethnographic authority.
- BB. the threat that the World Wide Web poses to anthropologists who are less and less needed to write about and publish accounts of cultural diversity.
- CC. the fact that anthropologists are, after all, colonial agents of the industrialized West.
- DD. a lack of leadership in the American Anthropological Association.
- EE. the problem inherent in anthropology’s overspecialization.
3535. An agreement to take part in research after having the nature, procedures, and possible impacts of the research explained is known as
- AA. a research protocol briefing.
- BB. the do no harm directive.
- CC. informed consent.
- DD. etic and emic protocols.
- EE. implied consent.
3636. The Human Terrain System has sought to embed anthropologists and other social scientists within military teams in Iraq and Afghanistan. Which of the following is NOT a reason anthropologists and the AAA Executive Board object to the use of anthropologists in the military?
- AA. Anthropologists in war zones have an ethical dilemma where their responsibilities to their military units may conflict with their obligations to the local people they study.
- BB. It is difficult to give informed consent in an active war zone without feeling coerced, thereby compromising “voluntary informed consent” in the AAA Code of Ethics.
- CC. Anthropologists may not be able to identify themselves as anthropologists, distinct from military personnel.
- DD. Anthropologists, by the nature of their discipline, are not permitted to interact with any military personnel.
- EE. The Human Terrain System conflicts with the ethical responsibility of anthropologists to disclose who they are.
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- Quiz am Chapter 3 - Method & Theory, erstellt von Nikita Patel am 07/02/2019.
- Autor
- Nikita Patel
- Sprache
- English
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