Univ. of MS- M. Reysen- Psy 320 Unit 3

What is the scientific study of behavior and mind?

Psychology was formed through a synthesis of ideas from philosophy and sociology.

The debated that states either we are born with certain knowledge or we have to learn everything is the _______.

An early technique used by William Wundt to study the mind. It required people to look inward and describe their own experiences.

Structuralism states that everything in consciousness can be broken down into _________ and _________.

Idea that seeks to understand the processes rather than the content of thought. It attempts to understand a mental process by determining what problem in the environment it helps solve. (Ex: Hunger, fear, jealousy)

Theory or idea that emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

Sigmund Freud believed.....

Childhood experiences play a larger role later in life. Experience affects brain development.

Functionalism states that the mind should not be studied. The only thing that can be studied is observable behaviors.

When you stop responding to an event that has become familiar. (Ex: The tornado sirens that go off every Wednesday at 12pm)

When you respond more often to an intense event that has been repeated. (Ex: when you don't feel a cut until you see it then it starts to hurt)

A procedure in which paring in a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response.

The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. (ex: Little Albert reversal)

Pavlov's Dog Experiment: 1. Before Conditioning- the food is the unconditioned stimulus and the dog's salivation is the unconditioned response. 2. Before conditioning- tuning fork is the neutral stimulus which causes the no conditioned response from the dog. 3. During Conditioning- the tuning for and the food is presented and causes the unconditioned response. 4. After Conditioning- the turning fork is now the conditioned stimulus and is presented to cause the conditioned response (salivation).

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

When one pairing of a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus produces considerable learning.

A Conditioned dislike for a particular food or drink that develops when you get ill from consuming it.

Changing the probability that a response will occur by manipulating that consequences of the response.

Eliminating Phobias

Selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a target behavior.

Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others

The example of 4 year olds, Bobo Dolls, and aggression is an example of

Reasonableness: does the information “make sense” given the facts-- and -- Authority: accepting information from a credible source-- are both

Way of gathering data where the researcher unobtrusively observes subjects in their natural environment.

Way of gathering data where the researcher observes behavior while participating in the situation

Refers to how much an individual's behavior is changed as a result of being observed.

Explores if the experiences of the research study are truly representative of others

When two variables move in opposite directions (one goes up and one goes down) it is said to have a positive correlation

When no systematic relationship exists between two variables

Comparing two preexisting groups

manipulating some aspect of the environment to observe the effect of the manipulation on behavior

What is manipulated in an experiment. must have at least two conditions

behavior that is observed or measured in an experiment

observable responses

things that could affect an organism's response

characteristics of the participant

variable that is not controlled that could affect the dependent variable

Study of the mind and mental processes

Finding a location in the brain that supports a particular cognitive process or function

the conversion of physical energy into the neural codes recognized by the brain

an internal representation of the object is formed and a percept of the external stimulus is developed

Occurs because the world is 3D but our retinal image is 2D

a retinal image can change dramatically but we still perceive the same thing

involves using visual cues to perceive the distance of objects

if an image of one object is bigger than another object it appears closer

when one object is blocked by another object , the blocked object is perceived as being further away

far away objects often appear hazy or slightly blurred

parallel lines seem to meet in the distance