Bio Exam III

Where do most animals live?

What are two unique traits of animals?

Animals must be able to solve these problems of existence:

How do animals process nutrients to yield energy and body building materials?

What helps regulate the internal environment of the body?

What integrates the internal environment of the body

In an absolute sense, all living animal species are successful because of what:

Eggs are so much [blank_start]larger[blank_end] than sperm because they contain [blank_start]cytoplasm[blank_end] which contains [blank_start]yolk[blank_end].

What is the function of the sperm?

What is the function of the vitelline/fertilization membrane?

The vitelline membrane is called the fertilization membrane after it has lifted away from the plasma membrane of the egg (due to sperm penetration)

What is the difference between sperm penetration and fertilization?

The rapid fusion of mitotic divisions that occurs immediately after fertilization is [blank_start]cleavage.[blank_end]

A [blank_start]morula[blank_end] is a 16-celled embryo that is a solid, grape-like cluster of cells.

testing testings [blank_start]testings[blank_end] tesints aporihg aorha; righ

1. [blank_start]Blastulation[blank_end] is the process of blastula formation 2. [blank_start]Blastula[blank_end] is the point in development when an embryo is composed of a single layer of cells which surrounds a fluid-filled space 3. [blank_start]Blastomere[blank_end] is the type of cell produced by cleavage of the zygote after fertilization 4. [blank_start]Blastocoel[blank_end] is the fluid-filled space in the center of the blastula

Blastulation is the formation of the blastula: [blank_start]cleavage[blank_end] of zygote ---> [blank_start]2[blank_end]-celled embryo ---> [blank_start]4[blank_end]-celled embryo ---> [blank_start]8[blank_end]-celled embryo ---> [blank_start]16[blank_end]-celled embryo (morula) ---> [blank_start]Blastula[blank_end]

The excretion of the blastocoel fluid is what leads to the hollow, spherical shape of a blastula.

Gastrulation is the formation of the [blank_start]gut[blank_end].

In gastrulation, morphogenetic cell movement is

At which pole does invagination occur?

What are three examples of a coelom in the human body?

What is a deuterostome?

A dueterostome refers to animals that develop a MOUTH out of the SECOND opening formed during embryonic development.

What is the fate of the blastopore in deuterostomes

Which animal phyla develop in this manner? ENTEROCOELOUS MESODERM FORMATION

What is meant by the term protostome?

The fate of the blastopore is to become the

Which animal phyla develop in the manner of schizocoelous mesoderm formation?

Select which germ layer matches which fate. 1. [blank_start]Epidermis[blank_end]: skin, nervous and sensory systems, pituitary gland, adrenal medulla, jaws, teeth, germ cells. 2. [blank_start]Mesoderm[blank_end]: skeletal and muscular systems, circulatory and lymphatic systems, excretory and reproductive systems, dermis of skin, adrenal cortex 3. [blank_start]Endoderm[blank_end]: lining of digestive tract (liver, pancreas), epithelial lining of respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts and ducts, thymus, thyroid, and parathryoid glands.

Why must sperm and egg be able to recognize each other?

Sperm binding receptors on an egg are what allow the egg to recognize the sperm.

How does sperm recognize an egg?

[blank_start]Acrosomal[blank_end] reaction is the term for the fast-block to polyspermy.

[blank_start]Cortical[blank_end] reaction is the term for slow-block to polyspermy.

Which reaction is the following? -Takes 1-2 seconds -Sperm penetration results in electrochemical change that occur in the egg cell membrane, preventing other sperm from penetrating -Egg forms electrochemical "force field" around membrane.

Which reaction is the following? -30-60 seconds -Cortical granules are lined up at the perphery of the egg -When the sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse, cortical granules move out towards plasma membrane -When release, cortical granules attract water, which pushes the vitelline membrane away, creating a physical barrier to polyspermy.

[blank_start]Fate[blank_end] as pertains to embryonic development is what an area of a young embryo will become in an older embryo. [blank_start]Capacity[blank_end] as pertains to embryonic development is what the area of a young embryo is able to do under experimental conditions.

In regulative development,

Which phyla exhibit regulative development?

The disbursement of morphological/cytoplasmic determinates in regulative development would be uniformly disbursed; the same genes are activated and repressed in each cell.

[blank_start]Totipotency[blank_end] is the ability of a cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism.

In mosaic development,

Which phyla exhibit mosaic development?

Echinodermata and chordata exhibit [blank_start]radial cleavage[blank_end]. Annelida, arthropoda, and mollusca exhibit [blank_start]spiral cleavage.[blank_end]

Cleave results in cells stacked directly on top of one another

Cleavage takes place at oblique angles, forming a spiral pattern of daughter blastomeres.

A group of regulatory genes that control the placement and spacial organization of body parts in organisms is

A sequence of nucleotides (DNAs) that produce amino acids that function to turn on or off various hox genes

The larger the organism, the [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] the SA/V ratio. The smaller the organism, the [blank_start]larger[blank_end] the SA/V ratio.

Do surface area and volume change at the same rate?

In order for diffusion to be successful, and organism must be

Which level of organization is (think Porifera): -organisms possess cells which are fundamentally different -some division of labor among cells -very little tendency to cooperate -cells are very independent of each other

Which level of organization is (think Cnidaria): -possess cells that work together to perform a common function -tissues are present; cells cooperate

Which level of organization is where a collection of tissues work together to perform common functions?

Which symmetry is one plane of division that dived into 2 mirror images (humans, chipmunks)

Which symmetry is when it can divide more than once to get mirror images

[blank_start]Sessile[blank_end] animals are animals that are more or less not free-moving. (some move slowly and remain attached to a surface)

Which symmetry to sessile organisms typically exhibit?

Right and left sides are determined by the [blank_start]first[blank_end] cleavage. Anterior and posterior are determined by the [blank_start]second[blank_end] cleavage. Dorsal and ventral are determined by the [blank_start]third[blank_end] cleavage.

What is a eucoelom?

[blank_start]Messentery[blank_end] is whre thin sheets of tissues that surround internal organs.

A eucoelmate...