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Chapter 1 Comprehensive Review

Beschreibung

Two, three, four
Zachariah Atteberry
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of
Antworten
  • Behavior and mental processes
  • Diagnosing and treating behavioral disorders
  • Conscious and unconscious mental processes
  • The mind

Frage 2

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Scientific study of behavior and mental processes describe?
Antworten
  • Behavorism
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Psychology
  • Clinical psychology

Frage 3

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As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?
Antworten
  • Eliminate behavior
  • Explain behavior
  • Predict behavior
  • Control behavior

Frage 4

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A ____ proposes a relationship among observed events
Antworten
  • Science
  • Theory
  • Prediction
  • School of psychology

Frage 5

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Theories allow psychologists to make ___ such as a client's chance of recovery
Antworten
  • Descriptions
  • Explanations
  • Predictions
  • Beliefs

Frage 6

Frage
Which is not true of psychological theories?
Antworten
  • Theories that make assumptions about behavior
  • Theories explain behavior and mental processes
  • Theories are used to make predictions
  • Theories are always discarded as new observations are made

Frage 7

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The results of ________ research in the study of perceptual development in lower animals are often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.
Antworten
  • Pure
  • Basic
  • Controlled
  • Action

Frage 8

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Applied research is research undertaken
Antworten
  • With humans
  • With lower animals
  • For its own sake
  • To find solutions to specific problems

Frage 9

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The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between
Antworten
  • Prediction and control
  • Practice and theory
  • Research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems
  • Applications and adaptation

Frage 10

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Which of these is NOT one of the three main things psychologists engage in?
Antworten
  • Analyzing
  • Practice
  • Research
  • Teaching

Frage 11

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__________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the individual through the life span.
Antworten
  • Health
  • Personality
  • Developmental
  • Social

Frage 12

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__________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.
Antworten
  • Environmental
  • Forensic
  • Personality
  • Social

Frage 13

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Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT
Antworten
  • Aristotle
  • Democritus
  • Pythagoras
  • Socrates

Frage 14

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The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was
Antworten
  • Willhelm Wundt
  • William James
  • Charles Darwin
  • Gustav Fechner

Frage 15

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Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent a “near-death” experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is called
Antworten
  • Insight
  • Self-revelation
  • Recovered memory
  • Introspection

Frage 16

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What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution from other contributions to psychology?
Antworten
  • he wrote the first textbook of psychology
  • He defined psychology as the science of behavior
  • He established psychology as a laboratory science
  • He studied insight in lower animals

Frage 17

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Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called?
Antworten
  • Functionalism
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Behavorism
  • Structuralism

Frage 18

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Under the school of structuralism, Wundt used a method called ____________ to look into one’s own objective sensations and subjective feelings.
Antworten
  • Conditioning
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Introspection
  • Insight

Frage 19

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Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was to
Antworten
  • Break down conscious experience into basic elements
  • Focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior
  • Analyze the relationship between sensory stimuli and behavior
  • Determine the functions of conscious experience

Frage 20

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Structuralism defined experience in terms of?
Antworten
  • Behavioral tendencies and habits
  • Continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes
  • Functions of consciousness
  • Sensations, feelings, mental images

Frage 21

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Functionalism was established by
Antworten
  • G. Stanely Hall
  • Wilhelm Wundt
  • John Watson
  • William Jones

Frage 22

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Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?
Antworten
  • The mind is composed of discrete elements.
  • Perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
  • The only object of psychology is the study of behavior.
  • Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.

Frage 23

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The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is called
Antworten
  • Functionalism
  • Behavorism
  • Structuralism
  • Psychoanalysis

Frage 24

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A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements?
Antworten
  • Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts.
  • Consciousness is a continuous process.
  • Behavior and mental processes are adaptive.
  • All of the above

Frage 25

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Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.
Antworten
  • More intelligent
  • Better adapted to the environment
  • More conscious
  • Better at problem solving

Frage 26

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The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior
Antworten
  • were broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts.
  • were part of the unconscious.
  • led the individual to self-knowledge.
  • assisted the organism to adapt to the environment.

Frage 27

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John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of
Antworten
  • stream of consciousness.
  • unconscious mental processes.
  • measurable behavior.
  • sensation, feelings, and mental images.

Frage 28

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John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.
Antworten
  • behaviorism
  • functionalism
  • structuralism
  • psychoanalysis

Frage 29

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John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all of the following EXCEPT
Antworten
  • mental processes.
  • behavior.
  • consciousness.
  • feelings and thoughts.

Frage 30

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B. F. Skinner made major contributions to
Antworten
  • structuralism.
  • functionalism.
  • behaviorism.
  • Gestalt psychology.

Frage 31

Frage
Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. From Skinner’s perspective the treat would be considered a
Antworten
  • Bribe
  • Stimulus
  • Reinforcer
  • Control

Frage 32

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Watson and Skinner had one objective in common, which was the
Antworten
  • Treatment of disorders
  • Explanation of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement
  • Use of mental imagery
  • Discovery of unconscious conflicts

Frage 33

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The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed
Antworten
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Functionalism
  • Structuralism
  • Gestalt psychology

Frage 34

Frage
Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to
Antworten
  • Psychotherapy
  • Adaptation to the enviornment
  • Perception
  • Habit

Frage 35

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Gestalt psychologists believed that problem solving is not always accomplished by mechanical repetition but rather is accomplished by sudden ___________ in which a solution
Antworten
  • Insight
  • Reinforcement
  • Introspection
  • Evolution

Frage 36

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For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter of
Antworten
  • Trial and error
  • Insight and understanding
  • Rote practice and repetition
  • habit and environmental adaptation.

Frage 37

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In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solved a problem and reached the banana because of
Antworten
  • Intelligence
  • Reinforcement
  • Environment clues
  • Insight

Frage 38

Frage
Which of these sayings would a Gestalt psychologist most likely agree with?
Antworten
  • If you can conceive it and believe it, you can achieve it
  • Monkey see, monkey do
  • The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
  • What you see is what you get

Frage 39

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Psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes while behaviorism emphasizes
Antworten
  • Perception
  • Observation
  • Sensation
  • Introspection

Frage 40

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The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is
Antworten
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Structuralism
  • Functionalism
  • Gestalt psychology

Frage 41

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The psychodynamic theory of human motivation centers on
Antworten
  • Insight
  • Unconscious
  • Reinforcement
  • Introspection

Frage 42

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Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method of
Antworten
  • Scientific inquiry
  • Introspection
  • Self-knowledge
  • Psychotherapy

Frage 43

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Freud’s technique of psychotherapy is called
Antworten
  • Reality therapy
  • Insight therapy
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Behavior therapy

Frage 44

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Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology
Antworten
  • Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior
  • Learning is the basis of behavior
  • Humans are potentially good
  • The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts

Frage 45

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The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.
Antworten
  • Sociocultural
  • Humanistic-existential
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Social-cognitive

Frage 46

Frage
Dr. Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant children. Most likely, Dr. Maloff is a __________ psychologist.
Antworten
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Behavioral
  • Sociocultural
  • School

Frage 47

Frage
Which of the following is NOT likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists?
Antworten
  • Alcohol abuse among ethnic minority groups
  • Color perception
  • Gender roles
  • Racial bias

Frage 48

Frage
Dr. Rabin is studying whether Asian men are more or less likely to seek treatment for clinical depression as part of a larger study of Asian men’s attitudes toward health issues. Dr. Rabin is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
Antworten
  • Humanistic-existential
  • Sociocultural
  • Industrial
  • Personality

Frage 49

Frage
Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish has an impact on intelligence scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.
Antworten
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Humanistic-exitstential
  • Learning
  • Sociocultural

Frage 50

Frage
The sociocultural perspective is concerned with the
Antworten
  • Behavior of society
  • Influence of a group on the behavior of the individual
  • Issues of gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status
  • Makeup of social and cultural organizations

Frage 51

Frage
Critical thinking is associated with
Antworten
  • Skepticism
  • Respect
  • Disbelief
  • Opposition

Frage 52

Frage
A(n) __________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.
Antworten
  • Observation
  • Scientific method
  • Theory
  • Hypothesis

Frage 53

Frage
The scientific method allows us to
Antworten
  • Support popular opinion
  • Maintain traditions
  • Justify our values
  • Test ideas and refine knowledge

Frage 54

Frage
Which of the following is a valid hypothesis?
Antworten
  • Viewing TV violence increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in children.
  • Viewing TV violence may influence children’s behavior.
  • Viewing TV violence is unlikely to change children’s behavior.
  • None of these.

Frage 55

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A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that
Antworten
  • becomes a selection factor in research
  • can be tested by gathering evidence
  • is accepted if it is popular
  • provides an operational definition

Frage 56

Frage
If participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study, this is called a ____________ that is a source of bias that could influence the results.
Antworten
  • Correlation
  • Selection factor
  • Hypothesis
  • Placebo

Frage 57

Frage
As a scientist, you try not to speculate or draw conclusions when you do not have evidence. This approach is consistent with your use of
Antworten
  • Common sense
  • Personal experience
  • Good economic decisions
  • The scientific method

Frage 58

Frage
In selecting research participants, the results can be generalized if the sample represents the
Antworten
  • Ideas of the researcher
  • Common sense views of the times
  • Target population
  • Theory in question

Frage 59

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A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.
Antworten
  • Sample
  • Group
  • Team
  • All of these

Frage 60

Frage
Dr. Davis wants to study the TV viewing habits of elementary school children. He selects 50 children from local schools to participate in his research. These groups of students would be considered the
Antworten
  • Population
  • Sample
  • Representative group
  • None of these

Frage 61

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If you conclude that the participants in a study are a representative sample, then you can __________ from the research sample to the larger population.
Antworten
  • Replicate
  • Speculate
  • Generalize
  • Conclude

Frage 62

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n a __________, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.
Antworten
  • Random sample
  • Selection sample
  • Stratified sample
  • Free sample

Frage 63

Frage
If 12% of the American population is Hispanic, what percentage of a stratified sample would be Hispanic?
Antworten
  • 6%
  • 24%
  • 12%
  • 88%

Frage 64

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Would a sample of children from an affluent suburban school district be considered a representative sample of American children?
Antworten
  • No, because affluent suburban schools tend to be less racially, ethnically, and economically diverse than the nation as a whole.
  • No, because they are nothing like the average American child.
  • Yes, because public education is available to all children.
  • Yes, because they have all the advantages and none of the disadvantages.

Frage 65

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A ________ is a method of collecting information about individuals or small groups.
Antworten
  • Correlation
  • Journal
  • Survery
  • Case Study

Frage 66

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Case study methods are often used to study __________ cases.
Antworten
  • Controversial
  • Rare
  • Stratified
  • Random

Frage 67

Frage
The ___________ method(s) of observation may produce inaccurate results because of inaccuracies in people’s memory.
Antworten
  • Case study
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Survery
  • Case study and survery

Frage 68

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The __________ method uses interviews and questionnaires to collect information from large numbers of people.
Antworten
  • Case study
  • Scientific
  • Experimental
  • Survery

Frage 69

Frage
An advantage of survey research is that
Antworten
  • it allows you to get in-depth information.
  • it allows you to have a large sample size.
  • it allows you to work in a lab.
  • it is less subject to volunteer bias.

Frage 70

Frage
Working for a consumer research organization, a woman needs to learn about behavior that she can neither observe in its natural setting nor study experimentally. She probably will use the __________ method.
Antworten
  • observational
  • case study
  • experimental
  • survey

Frage 71

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By using the __________ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another behavior or trait.
Antworten
  • correlational
  • statistical
  • experimental
  • survey

Frage 72

Frage
A correlation coefficient is a number
Antworten
  • indicating the percentile of a score.
  • representing a location on the normal curve.
  • that expresses the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
  • that presents the average relationship.

Frage 73

Frage
You design a test of intelligence. Based on the idea that intelligence is related to academic performance, you use __________ to test the relationship between performance on your new test and grades in school.
Antworten
  • an experimental method
  • a test-retest method
  • the correlational method
  • naturalistic observation

Frage 74

Frage
Which represents the strongest correlation?
Antworten
  • +.97
  • +.90
  • +.09
  • -.99

Frage 75

Frage
Which of the following is most likely a correlation coefficient for a relationship between stress and health?
Antworten
  • -0.78
  • +1
  • 0
  • +0.98

Frage 76

Frage
Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation?
Antworten
  • salary and years of education
  • age and incidence of illness
  • studying and GPA
  • all of these

Frage 77

Frage
In correlational research, when one variable increases as the other variable decreases, it is a __________ correlation.
Antworten
  • positive
  • dubious
  • invalid
  • negative

Frage 78

Frage
There is a good chance that we will find a __________ correlation between time spent watching TV and grades in school.
Antworten
  • Perfect
  • negative
  • positive
  • weak

Frage 79

Frage
The best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is
Antworten
  • observation.
  • correlation.
  • an experiment.
  • a case study

Frage 80

Frage
In an experiment, a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature has received a __________.
Antworten
  • dependent variable
  • treatment
  • random effect
  • consequence

Frage 81

Frage
If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, you could vary the consumption levels of caffeine. The administration of caffeine is
Antworten
  • the treatment.
  • the control
  • unethical
  • the dependent variable

Frage 82

Frage
In an experiment, the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined.
Antworten
  • dependent variable
  • independent variable
  • placebo
  • observer

Frage 83

Frage
If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior, temperature would be the __________ variable.
Antworten
  • dependent
  • Independent
  • hypothetical
  • correlated

Frage 84

Frage
The experimental group participants in an experiment receive
Antworten
  • no treatment.
  • the dependent variable
  • the independent variable
  • the same treatment as the control group participants

Frage 85

Frage
The measured outcomes or results in an experiment are called
Antworten
  • the independent variable
  • treatments
  • dependent variables
  • controls

Frage 86

Frage
In an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol consumption on aggression, aggressive behavior would be the
Antworten
  • treatment
  • independent variable
  • control variable.
  • dependent variable

Frage 87

Frage
An experiment in which the independent variable is noise level and the dependent variable is resistance to distraction, the goal is to observe whether distractibility is a(n) __________ noise
Antworten
  • cause of
  • correlate of
  • treatment for
  • effect of

Frage 88

Frage
In an experimental design, participants in an experimental group receive ___________.
Antworten
  • no treatment
  • conditions
  • Treatment
  • the answers

Frage 89

Frage
Participants who go through an experiment but who do not receive any treatment or manipulation are called the __________ group.
Antworten
  • self-selected
  • random
  • control
  • experimental

Frage 90

Frage
Examples of a __________ would be the use of a “sugar pill” instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However, the individual must believe that he or she is experiencing the real thing.
Antworten
  • Confederate
  • Placebo
  • Treatment
  • Bias

Frage 91

Frage
Well-designed experiments control for the effects of expectations by creating conditions under which participants are unaware of, or __________, the treatment.
Antworten
  • Blind to
  • Indifferent to
  • Unconscious of
  • Singled out for

Frage 92

Frage
Experimenters may believe that a certain kind of treatment is effective. Consequently, experimenter expectations can bias research outcomes. One way to control for experimenter and participant bias is to
Antworten
  • be sure they understand ethics
  • debrief them
  • remind them of the importance of the research
  • Use the double-blind technique

Frage 93

Frage
In a __________ study, neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has obtained
Antworten
  • Single blind
  • Double blind
  • Confounded
  • Debriefed

Frage 94

Frage
Ethical standards in human research allow researchers to balance interests in acquiring new information with concern about
Antworten
  • Ethical review
  • Debriefing
  • Informed consent
  • Confidentiality

Frage 95

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____________ is a process of explaining the purposes and methods of the research after a study has been completed.
Antworten
  • Debriefing
  • Controlling
  • Reviewing
  • Consenting

Frage 96

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When research cannot be carried out with human participants, researchers
Antworten
  • Must abandon the issues
  • Often rely on volunteers
  • Rely on theoretical models
  • Often use animals

Frage 97

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The benefits of animal research
Antworten
  • Are obvious to everyone
  • Can never justify the loss of the animal's right to freedom
  • Cannot be demonstrated
  • Must justify the harm that might be done to an animal

Frage 98

Frage
As an animal lover, you find it difficult to participate in the destruction of animals for research purposes. As a scientist, you
Antworten
  • Fight the use of animal models by your colleagues
  • Know that these models are unjustified
  • Realize that ethical animal models are never uncomfortable for the animals
  • Understand the value of animal research and promote ethical standards.

Frage 99

Frage
Brain lesioning studies in rats have provided insights regarding
Antworten
  • Abuses of animals in laboratories
  • Attachment in monkeys
  • Regulation of eating and eating disorders
  • Social evolution

Frage 100

Frage
Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying what?
Antworten
  • Animal learning and motivation
  • Human thinking and memory
  • Genetic and hormonal effects on behavior
  • Introspection and behavioral disorders(

Frage 101

Frage
The humanistic-existential perspective unities ____ and ____ as central principles to this approach
Antworten
  • Brain; behavior
  • Self-fulfillment; free choic
  • Mental processes; consciousness
  • Culture; values

Frage 102

Frage
Cathy was a successful real estate agent. At age 36, she decided to to donate her wealth to charity and become a missionary in Haiti, where she has been living in relative contentment for the past two years. Which perspective would best explain Cathy's behavior?
Antworten
  • Psychodynamic
  • Social-cognitive
  • Humanistic-existential
  • Developmental

Frage 103

Frage
Five-year old Todd watched his father at his workbench, hammering together a bird house. Soon Todd was next to his father, hammer in tapping the workbench. Todd's behavior is best described as?
Antworten
  • Social-cognitive
  • Behavioral
  • ociocultural
  • Neoanalytic

Frage 104

Frage
In ____ researchers study behavior when it actually happens or in the field.
Antworten
  • Experiments
  • Correlational research
  • Naturalistic observations
  • Case studies

Frage 105

Frage
Unobtrusive measures strive to minimize ____ during naturalistic observation
Antworten
  • Experimenter's expectations
  • Time involved
  • Inaccurate reporting
  • Interference with behaviors being observed
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