Quiz
Chapter 1 Comprehensive Review
Fragen in diesem Quiz (105)
1Psychology is defined as the scientific study of
- ABehavior and mental processes
- BDiagnosing and treating behavioral disorders
- CConscious and unconscious mental processes
- DThe mind
2Scientific study of behavior and mental processes describe?
- ABehavorism
- BPsychoanalysis
- CPsychology
- DClinical psychology
3As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?
- AEliminate behavior
- BExplain behavior
- CPredict behavior
- DControl behavior
4A ____ proposes a relationship among observed events
- AScience
- BTheory
- CPrediction
- DSchool of psychology
5Theories allow psychologists to make ___ such as a client's chance of recovery
- ADescriptions
- BExplanations
- CPredictions
- DBeliefs
6Which is not true of psychological theories?
- ATheories that make assumptions about behavior
- BTheories explain behavior and mental processes
- CTheories are used to make predictions
- DTheories are always discarded as new observations are made
7The results of ________ research in the study of perceptual development in lower animals are often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.
- APure
- BBasic
- CControlled
- DAction
8Applied research is research undertaken
- AWith humans
- BWith lower animals
- CFor its own sake
- DTo find solutions to specific problems
9The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between
- APrediction and control
- BPractice and theory
- CResearch for its own sake and research to solve specific problems
- DApplications and adaptation
10Which of these is NOT one of the three main things psychologists engage in?
- AAnalyzing
- BPractice
- CResearch
- DTeaching
11__________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the individual through the life span.
- AHealth
- BPersonality
- CDevelopmental
- DSocial
12__________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.
- AEnvironmental
- BForensic
- CPersonality
- DSocial
13Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT
- AAristotle
- BDemocritus
- CPythagoras
- DSocrates
14The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was
- AWillhelm Wundt
- BWilliam James
- CCharles Darwin
- DGustav Fechner
15Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent a “near-death” experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is called
- AInsight
- BSelf-revelation
- CRecovered memory
- DIntrospection
16What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution from other contributions to psychology?
- Ahe wrote the first textbook of psychology
- BHe defined psychology as the science of behavior
- CHe established psychology as a laboratory science
- DHe studied insight in lower animals
17Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called?
- AFunctionalism
- BPsychoanalysis
- CBehavorism
- DStructuralism
18Under the school of structuralism, Wundt used a method called ____________ to look into one’s own objective sensations and subjective feelings.
- AConditioning
- BPsychoanalysis
- CIntrospection
- DInsight
19Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was to
- ABreak down conscious experience into basic elements
- BFocus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior
- CAnalyze the relationship between sensory stimuli and behavior
- DDetermine the functions of conscious experience
20Structuralism defined experience in terms of?
- ABehavioral tendencies and habits
- BContinuity of consciousness and unconscious processes
- CFunctions of consciousness
- DSensations, feelings, mental images
21Functionalism was established by
- AG. Stanely Hall
- BWilhelm Wundt
- CJohn Watson
- DWilliam Jones
22Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?
- AThe mind is composed of discrete elements.
- BPerception is greater than the sum of its parts.
- CThe only object of psychology is the study of behavior.
- DAdaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.
23The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is called
- AFunctionalism
- BBehavorism
- CStructuralism
- DPsychoanalysis
24A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements?
- AConsciousness can be broken down into elemental parts.
- BConsciousness is a continuous process.
- CBehavior and mental processes are adaptive.
- DAll of the above
25Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.
- AMore intelligent
- BBetter adapted to the environment
- CMore conscious
- DBetter at problem solving
26The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior
- Awere broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts.
- Bwere part of the unconscious.
- Cled the individual to self-knowledge.
- Dassisted the organism to adapt to the environment.
27John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of
- Astream of consciousness.
- Bunconscious mental processes.
- Cmeasurable behavior.
- Dsensation, feelings, and mental images.
28John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.
- Abehaviorism
- Bfunctionalism
- Cstructuralism
- Dpsychoanalysis
29John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all of the following EXCEPT
- Amental processes.
- Bbehavior.
- Cconsciousness.
- Dfeelings and thoughts.
30B. F. Skinner made major contributions to
- Astructuralism.
- Bfunctionalism.
- Cbehaviorism.
- DGestalt psychology.
31Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. From Skinner’s perspective the treat would be considered a
- ABribe
- BStimulus
- CReinforcer
- DControl
32Watson and Skinner had one objective in common, which was the
- ATreatment of disorders
- BExplanation of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement
- CUse of mental imagery
- DDiscovery of unconscious conflicts
33The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed
- APsychoanalysis
- BFunctionalism
- CStructuralism
- DGestalt psychology
34Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to
- APsychotherapy
- BAdaptation to the enviornment
- CPerception
- DHabit
35Gestalt psychologists believed that problem solving is not always accomplished by mechanical repetition but rather is accomplished by sudden ___________ in which a solution
- AInsight
- BReinforcement
- CIntrospection
- DEvolution
36For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter of
- ATrial and error
- BInsight and understanding
- CRote practice and repetition
- Dhabit and environmental adaptation.
37In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solved a problem and reached the banana because of
- AIntelligence
- BReinforcement
- CEnvironment clues
- DInsight
38Which of these sayings would a Gestalt psychologist most likely agree with?
- AIf you can conceive it and believe it, you can achieve it
- BMonkey see, monkey do
- CThe whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
- DWhat you see is what you get
39Psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes while behaviorism emphasizes
- APerception
- BObservation
- CSensation
- DIntrospection
40The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is
- APsychoanalysis
- BStructuralism
- CFunctionalism
- DGestalt psychology
41The psychodynamic theory of human motivation centers on
- AInsight
- BUnconscious
- CReinforcement
- DIntrospection
42Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method of
- AScientific inquiry
- BIntrospection
- CSelf-knowledge
- DPsychotherapy
43Freud’s technique of psychotherapy is called
- AReality therapy
- BInsight therapy
- CPsychoanalysis
- DBehavior therapy
44Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology
- AUnconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior
- BLearning is the basis of behavior
- CHumans are potentially good
- DThe sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts
45The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.
- ASociocultural
- BHumanistic-existential
- CPsychoanalytic
- DSocial-cognitive
46Dr. Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant children. Most likely, Dr. Maloff is a __________ psychologist.
- APsychoanalytic
- BBehavioral
- CSociocultural
- DSchool
47Which of the following is NOT likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists?
- AAlcohol abuse among ethnic minority groups
- BColor perception
- CGender roles
- DRacial bias
48Dr. Rabin is studying whether Asian men are more or less likely to seek treatment for clinical depression as part of a larger study of Asian men’s attitudes toward health issues. Dr. Rabin is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
- AHumanistic-existential
- BSociocultural
- CIndustrial
- DPersonality
49Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish has an impact on intelligence scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.
- APsychoanalytic
- BHumanistic-exitstential
- CLearning
- DSociocultural
50The sociocultural perspective is concerned with the
- ABehavior of society
- BInfluence of a group on the behavior of the individual
- CIssues of gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status
- DMakeup of social and cultural organizations
51Critical thinking is associated with
- ASkepticism
- BRespect
- CDisbelief
- DOpposition
52A(n) __________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.
- AObservation
- BScientific method
- CTheory
- DHypothesis
53The scientific method allows us to
- ASupport popular opinion
- BMaintain traditions
- CJustify our values
- DTest ideas and refine knowledge
54Which of the following is a valid hypothesis?
- AViewing TV violence increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in children.
- BViewing TV violence may influence children’s behavior.
- CViewing TV violence is unlikely to change children’s behavior.
- DNone of these.
55A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that
- Abecomes a selection factor in research
- Bcan be tested by gathering evidence
- Cis accepted if it is popular
- Dprovides an operational definition
56If participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study, this is called a ____________ that is a source of bias that could influence the results.
- ACorrelation
- BSelection factor
- CHypothesis
- DPlacebo
57As a scientist, you try not to speculate or draw conclusions when you do not have evidence. This approach is consistent with your use of
- ACommon sense
- BPersonal experience
- CGood economic decisions
- DThe scientific method
58In selecting research participants, the results can be generalized if the sample represents the
- AIdeas of the researcher
- BCommon sense views of the times
- CTarget population
- DTheory in question
59A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.
- ASample
- BGroup
- CTeam
- DAll of these
60Dr. Davis wants to study the TV viewing habits of elementary school children. He selects 50 children from local schools to participate in his research. These groups of students would be considered the
- APopulation
- BSample
- CRepresentative group
- DNone of these
61If you conclude that the participants in a study are a representative sample, then you can __________ from the research sample to the larger population.
- AReplicate
- BSpeculate
- CGeneralize
- DConclude
62n a __________, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.
- ARandom sample
- BSelection sample
- CStratified sample
- DFree sample
63If 12% of the American population is Hispanic, what percentage of a stratified sample would be Hispanic?
- A6%
- B24%
- C12%
- D88%
64Would a sample of children from an affluent suburban school district be considered a representative sample of American children?
- ANo, because affluent suburban schools tend to be less racially, ethnically, and economically diverse than the nation as a whole.
- BNo, because they are nothing like the average American child.
- CYes, because public education is available to all children.
- DYes, because they have all the advantages and none of the disadvantages.
65A ________ is a method of collecting information about individuals or small groups.
- ACorrelation
- BJournal
- CSurvery
- DCase Study
66Case study methods are often used to study __________ cases.
- AControversial
- BRare
- CStratified
- DRandom
67The ___________ method(s) of observation may produce inaccurate results because of inaccuracies in people’s memory.
- ACase study
- BNaturalistic observation
- CSurvery
- DCase study and survery
68The __________ method uses interviews and questionnaires to collect information from large numbers of people.
- ACase study
- BScientific
- CExperimental
- DSurvery
69An advantage of survey research is that
- Ait allows you to get in-depth information.
- Bit allows you to have a large sample size.
- Cit allows you to work in a lab.
- Dit is less subject to volunteer bias.
70Working for a consumer research organization, a woman needs to learn about behavior that she can neither observe in its natural setting nor study experimentally. She probably will use the __________ method.
- Aobservational
- Bcase study
- Cexperimental
- Dsurvey
71By using the __________ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another behavior or trait.
- Acorrelational
- Bstatistical
- Cexperimental
- Dsurvey
72A correlation coefficient is a number
- Aindicating the percentile of a score.
- Brepresenting a location on the normal curve.
- Cthat expresses the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
- Dthat presents the average relationship.
73You design a test of intelligence. Based on the idea that intelligence is related to academic performance, you use __________ to test the relationship between performance on your new test and grades in school.
- Aan experimental method
- Ba test-retest method
- Cthe correlational method
- Dnaturalistic observation
74Which represents the strongest correlation?
- A+.97
- B+.90
- C+.09
- D-.99
75Which of the following is most likely a correlation coefficient for a relationship between stress and health?
- A-0.78
- B+1
- C0
- D+0.98
76Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation?
- Asalary and years of education
- Bage and incidence of illness
- Cstudying and GPA
- Dall of these
77In correlational research, when one variable increases as the other variable decreases, it is a __________ correlation.
- Apositive
- Bdubious
- Cinvalid
- Dnegative
78There is a good chance that we will find a __________ correlation between time spent watching TV and grades in school.
- APerfect
- Bnegative
- Cpositive
- Dweak
79The best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is
- Aobservation.
- Bcorrelation.
- Can experiment.
- Da case study
80In an experiment, a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature has received a __________.
- Adependent variable
- Btreatment
- Crandom effect
- Dconsequence
81If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, you could vary the consumption levels of caffeine. The administration of caffeine is
- Athe treatment.
- Bthe control
- Cunethical
- Dthe dependent variable
82In an experiment, the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined.
- Adependent variable
- Bindependent variable
- Cplacebo
- Dobserver
83If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior, temperature would be the __________ variable.
- Adependent
- BIndependent
- Chypothetical
- Dcorrelated
84The experimental group participants in an experiment receive
- Ano treatment.
- Bthe dependent variable
- Cthe independent variable
- Dthe same treatment as the control group participants
85The measured outcomes or results in an experiment are called
- Athe independent variable
- Btreatments
- Cdependent variables
- Dcontrols
86In an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol consumption on aggression, aggressive behavior would be the
- Atreatment
- Bindependent variable
- Ccontrol variable.
- Ddependent variable
87An experiment in which the independent variable is noise level and the dependent variable is resistance to distraction, the goal is to observe whether distractibility is a(n) __________ noise
- Acause of
- Bcorrelate of
- Ctreatment for
- Deffect of
88In an experimental design, participants in an experimental group receive ___________.
- Ano treatment
- Bconditions
- CTreatment
- Dthe answers
89Participants who go through an experiment but who do not receive any treatment or manipulation are called the __________ group.
- Aself-selected
- Brandom
- Ccontrol
- Dexperimental
90Examples of a __________ would be the use of a “sugar pill” instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However, the individual must believe that he or she is experiencing the real thing.
- AConfederate
- BPlacebo
- CTreatment
- DBias
91Well-designed experiments control for the effects of expectations by creating conditions under which participants are unaware of, or __________, the treatment.
- ABlind to
- BIndifferent to
- CUnconscious of
- DSingled out for
92Experimenters may believe that a certain kind of treatment is effective. Consequently, experimenter expectations can bias research outcomes. One way to control for experimenter and participant bias is to
- Abe sure they understand ethics
- Bdebrief them
- Cremind them of the importance of the research
- DUse the double-blind technique
93In a __________ study, neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has obtained
- ASingle blind
- BDouble blind
- CConfounded
- DDebriefed
94Ethical standards in human research allow researchers to balance interests in acquiring new information with concern about
- AEthical review
- BDebriefing
- CInformed consent
- DConfidentiality
95____________ is a process of explaining the purposes and methods of the research after a study has been completed.
- ADebriefing
- BControlling
- CReviewing
- DConsenting
96When research cannot be carried out with human participants, researchers
- AMust abandon the issues
- BOften rely on volunteers
- CRely on theoretical models
- DOften use animals
97The benefits of animal research
- AAre obvious to everyone
- BCan never justify the loss of the animal's right to freedom
- CCannot be demonstrated
- DMust justify the harm that might be done to an animal
98As an animal lover, you find it difficult to participate in the destruction of animals for research purposes. As a scientist, you
- AFight the use of animal models by your colleagues
- BKnow that these models are unjustified
- CRealize that ethical animal models are never uncomfortable for the animals
- DUnderstand the value of animal research and promote ethical standards.
99Brain lesioning studies in rats have provided insights regarding
- AAbuses of animals in laboratories
- BAttachment in monkeys
- CRegulation of eating and eating disorders
- DSocial evolution
100Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying what?
- AAnimal learning and motivation
- BHuman thinking and memory
- CGenetic and hormonal effects on behavior
- DIntrospection and behavioral disorders(
101The humanistic-existential perspective unities ____ and ____ as central principles to this approach
- ABrain; behavior
- BSelf-fulfillment; free choic
- CMental processes; consciousness
- DCulture; values
102Cathy was a successful real estate agent. At age 36, she decided to to donate her wealth to charity and become a missionary in Haiti, where she has been living in relative contentment for the past two years. Which perspective would best explain Cathy's behavior?
- APsychodynamic
- BSocial-cognitive
- CHumanistic-existential
- DDevelopmental
103Five-year old Todd watched his father at his workbench, hammering together a bird house. Soon Todd was next to his father, hammer in tapping the workbench. Todd's behavior is best described as?
- ASocial-cognitive
- BBehavioral
- Cociocultural
- DNeoanalytic
104In ____ researchers study behavior when it actually happens or in the field.
- AExperiments
- BCorrelational research
- CNaturalistic observations
- DCase studies
105Unobtrusive measures strive to minimize ____ during naturalistic observation
- AExperimenter's expectations
- BTime involved
- CInaccurate reporting
- DInterference with behaviors being observed
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Two, three, four
- Autor
- Zachariah Atteberry
- Sprache
- English
- Aufrufe
- 187
- Schlagwörter
- Bewertung
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