Quiz
Respiration Physiology PMU 2nd Year
Fragen in diesem Quiz (102)
1Inspiration occurs as a result of:
- Aan upward movement of the diaphragm
- Bmovement of the ribs closer together due to the contraction of the inspiratory intercostal muscles
- Cdownward movement of the diaphragm
- Da and b
- Eb and c
2In order for the lungs to function normally, the intrapleural pressure must:
- Abe lower than alveolar pressure
- Bbe between +5 and +10 mmHg above the atmospheric pressure
- Calternate between being less than and greater than the atmosphere pressure
- Dchange as respiratory demands of the body change
- Ebe the same as the atmosphenc pressure
3Most of the CO2 that is transported in blood is:
- Adissolved in the plasma
- Bbound to haemoglobin
- Cin carbonic acid
- Din bicarbonate ions
- Ein carbonic anhydrase
4In which vesicular bed does hypoxia cause vasoconstriction?
- Acoronary
- Bpulmonary
- Ccerebral
- Dmuscle
- Eskin
5Which sf the following is the site of the highest airway resistance?
- Amouth
- Blargest bronchi
- Cmedium sized bronchi
- Dsmallest bronchi
- Ealveoli
6Compared with the systemic circulation, the pulmonary circulation has a:
- Ahigher flow
- Blower resistance
- Chigher arterial pressure
- Dhigher capillary pressure
- Ehigher cardiac output
7Hypoventilation will cause
- Ahypercapnia
- Banoxia
- Chypoxia
- Dhypocapnia
- Ea and c
8Which of the following events is caused by an increased pCO2 in tissues?
- Aan increased pH
- Bdecreased association between hemoglobin and O2
- Cdecreased pH
- Dvasodilatation
- Eb and c
9Vital Capacity includes:
- ATidal Volume
- BExpiratory Reserve Volume
- CResidual Volume
- DInspiratory Reserve Volume
- Ea, b and d
10Which muscles contract for quiet breathing?
- Aabdominal
- Bexternal intercostal muscles
- Cdiaphragm
- Dpectoral muscle
- Eb and c
11Which of the following events are sympathetic effects?
- Avasoconstriction in the lungs
- Bdilation of the bronchi
- Cvasodilation in the lungs
- Dconstriction of the bronchi
- Ea and b
12Which of the following is the respiratory function of the lungs?
- Aregulation of lung blood pressure
- Blung ventilation
- Cdiffusion of gases between the alveolar air and blood
- Dfat metabolism
- Eb and c
13Which factors affect the gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane?
- Amembrane thickness
- Bmembrane area
- Ctidal volume
- Ddiffusion quotient
- Ea and b
14Gas exchange in the respiratory system of humans takes place in the:
- Atrachea
- Bbronchus
- Cbronchioles
- Dalveoli
- Elarynx
15As regards the distribution of ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q), the VQ ratio:
- Agradient of change of ventilation is greater than that of per fusion
- Bventilation increases up the lung
- Cperfusion increases up the lung
- DV/Q ratio at apex is greater than at base
- Enone of the above
16Surfactant:
- Ais produced by type 1 alveolar cells
- Bacts like detergent in water
- Creduces the amount of negative intrapleural pressure
- Dreduces blood flow to the lungs
- Eincreases pulmonary compliance
17Carbon dioxide transport is:
- A70% dissolved in plasma
- B70% carbamino hemoglobin
- C70% bicarbonate
- D10% bicarbonate
- Eunaffected by pO2
18Obligatory respiratory muscles are:
- Athe diaphragm and mm. intercostales interni
- Bthe diaphragm and mm. intercostales externi
- Cmm. abdominales
- Dmm. serrati posteriores inferiores
- Eall of the above
19The bronchial muscles relax under the influence of:
- Aepinephrine
- Batropine
- Cepinephrine and atropine
- Dbradikinine and histamine
- Eacetylcholine
20For the surfactant it is true that:
- Ais produced by type II alveolar cells
- Bconsists of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates
- Cdecreases the alveolar surface tension at the end of expiration
- Dprotects the lungs from atelectasis and edema
- Eall of the above
21For the alveolar capillary membrane it is true that:
- Aconsists of alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium and their base membranes with very thin interstitial space between them;
- Bdiffusion of 02 and CO2 occurs across it
- Chas better permeability for 02 than CO2
- Da and b
- Enone of the above
22Dilation of bronchi can be achieved by:
- Aincreased level of catecholamines
- Bdecreased level of catecholamines
- Cincrease of acetylcholine and serotonin levels
- Dincrease of bradikinine and histamine levels
- Ea, c and d
23Normal breathing at rest is called:
- Apolypnoe
- Beupnoe
- Ctachypnoe
- Ddyspnoe
- Ehyperpnoe
24During expiration:
- Athe thoracic cage recoils and the diaphragm moves upwards
- Bthe intrapleural pressure decreases
- Cthe intrapleural pressure increases
- Da and b
- Ea and c
25The sympathetic division of ANS affects the bronchial muscles activating:
- Aα-adrenergic receptors
- Bβ-adrenergic receptors
- CM-cholinergic receptors
- DN-cholinergic receptors
- EH2 receptors
26Tidal Volume (TV) is:
- Athe volume of air, which passes through the lungs per minute
- Bbigger than the Residual Volume (RV)
- Can element of the Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
- Da, b and c
- E0.5-1 approximately
27The intrapleural pressure is:
- Ahigher than the atmospheric pressure
- Blower than the atmospheric pressure
- Cequal to the atmospheric pressure
- Ddepends on the water molecules surface tension and elastic fibers
- Eb and d
28The anatomical dead space
- Aincludes the volume of air within the an passages up to the terminal bronchioles
- Bis the space where gas exchange doesn't occur
- Cis approximately 140 ml
- Dis approximately 500 ml
- Eis about 6 L.min-1
29The Residual Volume (RV) is:
- Athe volume of air. which remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
- Bthe volume of air, which remains in the lungs after maximal inspiration
- Cis about 2-3 L
- Dis the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume
- Ea component of the Vital Capacity (VC)
30Which of the following factors shifts the dissociation curve of HbO2 to the right:
- Aincreased pCO2
- Bdecreased pCO2
- Cdecreased pO2
- Dincreased pO2
- Eincreased pH
31It is not true that Vital Capacity (VC):
- Ais a sum of ERV+TV+IRV
- Bdepends on sex and age
- Cdepends on chest measurement
- Dis a sum of IC+ERV
- Eis a sum of TV+ERV+RV
32There are smooth muscles in the respiratory system:
- Aon the external surface of the lungs
- Bon the medial surface of the lungs
- Cin the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
- Daround the alveoli
- Eon the external and medial surfaces of the lungs
33It is true that the air in the alveoli:
- Ahas a higher CO2 content than the atmosphere
- Bhas lower 02 content than in the atmosphere
- Cconsists of N2 approximately equal to that in the atmosphere
- Dhas the name components as the atmosphere
- Ea, b and c
34The elastic fibers in the lungs are situated:
- Aaround the alveoli
- Baround the terminal branches of the bronchi
- Con the external and the medial surface of the lungs
- Da and b
- Eall of the above
35The peripheral chemoreceptors are situated:
- Aon the ventral surface of medulla oblongata
- Bon the dorsal surface of medulla oblongata
- Cin arcus aortae and arteria carotis communis
- Din the inferior and superior venae cavae and the right atrium
- Ein the hypothalamus
36Which of the following compounds doesn't take part in the transport of CO2 under physiological conditions:
- Acarbamino Hb
- Bcarboxi Hb
- CNaHCO3
- Dphysically dissolved in fluids
- Ecarbamino Hb and physically dissolved in the fluids
37Which of the following factors increases the rate of breathing:
- Adecreased pCO2
- Bincreased pO2
- Calkalosis
- Ddecreased pCO2 and increased pO2
- Eincreased pCO2 and decreased pO2
38The ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio of 0.8 refers to:
- Athe upper parts of the lungs in upright position
- Bthe middle parts of the lungs in upright position
- Cthe lower parts of the lungs in upright position
- Din all parts of the lungs in supine position
- Eb and d
39Which of the following does not happen during inspiration?
- Athe ribs move upward
- Bthe diaphragm lifts up
- Cthe antero-posterior dimensions of the chest are increased
- Dthe transverse dimensions of the thorax are increased
- Ethe scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles can be recruited for inspiration
40Total Lung Capacity (TLC) of men would normally be about:
- A4200 ml
- B1500 ml
- C6000 ml
- D8000 ml
- E10000 ml
41Oxygen enters a cell via?
- Adiffusion
- Bfiltration
- Cosmosis
- Dactive transport
- Epassive transport
42Most of the carbon dioxide produced by tissues is transported to the lungs as:
- Asmall gas bubble in the plasma
- Bgas bound to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells
- Cbicarbonate ions in the plasma
- Dgas bound to white blood cells and albumin
- Egas transported through the lymphatic system
43The need to breathe is caused by:
- Aa drop in blood pH
- Ba rise in blood pH
- Ca drop in blood oxygen levels
- Da drop in carbon dioxide levels
- Enone of the above
44Where does gas exchange take place?
- Abronchioles
- Bbronchi
- Cpulmonary capillaries
- Droots of the lungs
- Etrachea
45What is the most common portal of entry for diseases, into the body?
- Arespiratory system
- Bendocrine system
- Cgastrointestinal system
- Dexcretory system
- Eany opening into the body
46Hemoglobin gives up oxygen when the environment is more:
- Aacidic
- Balkaline
- Cicy
- Dopen
- Enone of the above
47Acidosis is when you blood pH is below?
- A7.05
- B7.15
- C7.25
- D7.35
- E6.50
48As blood passes through systemic capillaries:
- ApH rises
- BHCO3- ions pass from tissues to red blood cells
- CCl- ion concentration in red cells falls
- Dits oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right
- Eits oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left
49The carotid bodies:
- Aare stretch receptors in the walls of the intenal carotid arteries
- Bhave a blood flow per unit volume similar to that in the brain
- Care influenced by the blood temperature
- Dgenerate less afferent impulses when blood H+ concentration rises
- Eand the aortic bodies are mainly responsible tor the increased ventilation in hypoxia
50Pulmonary surfactant increases:
- Athe surface tension of the fluid lining alveolar walls
- Blung compliance
- Cin effectiveness as the lungs are inflated
- Din amount when pulmonary blood flow is interrupted
- Ethe airflow resistance in bronchi
51As people age, there is usually a decrease in their:
- Aratio of lung residual volume to vital capacity
- Bpercentage of vital capacity expelled in one second
- Clung volume level at which small airways start to close during expiration
- Delastic fibers in lungs
- Etidal volume
52During inspiration:
- Aintrapleural pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration
- Bintrapulmonary pressure is lowest around mid-inspiration
- Cintraoesophageal pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration
- Dthe rate of air flow is greatest at end-inspiration
- Ethe lung volume/intrapleural pressure relationship is the same as in expiration
53Carbon dioxide:
- Ais carried as carboxyhaemoglobin on the haemoglobin molecule
- Buptake by the blood increases its oxygen-binding power
- Cuptake by the blood leads to similar increases in H+ and HCO3- ion concentrations
- Dstimulates ventilation when breathed at a concentration of 20 per cent
- Econtent is greater than oxygen content in arterial blood
54In normal lungs:
- Athe rate of alveolar ventilation at rest exceeds the rate of alveolar capillary perfusion
- Bthe ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in less 0.6 dieting maximal exercise
- Cthe V/Q ratio is higher at the apex than at the base of the lungs when a person is standing
- Doxygen transfer can be explained by active transport
- Edead space decreases during inspiration
55Bronchial smooth muscle contractss in response to:
- Abronchial mucosal irritation
- Blocal beta adrenoceptor stimulation
- Ca fall in bronchial pO2
- Dinhalation of air warmed to 37°C
- Ecirculating noradrenaline
56In early inspiration there is a fall in:
- Aintrapulmonary pressure
- Baortic pressure
- Cintra-abdominal pressure
- Ddead space pO2
- Ediastolic arterial pressure
57At a high altitude where atmospheric pressure is halved, there is an increase in:
- Apulmonary ventilation
- Balveolar H2O vapour pressure
- Carterial pO2
- Dintrapleural pressure
- Ecerebral blood flow
58During inspiration:
- Avenous return to the heart is increased
- Bless energy is expended than during expiration
- Clung expansion is assisted by surface tension forces in the alveoli
- Dlung expansion begins when intrapleural pressure falls below atmospheric
- Ethe relative concentration of surfactant increases in alveoli
59The residual volume is:
- Athe gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a full expiration
- Bgreater on average in women than in men
- C3-4 litres on average in young adults
- Dmeasured directly using a spirometer
- Esmaller in old than in young people
60A rise in arterial pCO2 leads to:
- Aan increase in ventilation due: to stimulation of peripheral and central chemoreceptors
- Ba decrease in ventilation due to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors
- Ca decrease in arterial pressure
- Da decrease in cerebral blood flow
- Ea decrease in the plasma bicarbonate level
61Ventilation increased during:
- Aperiods when cerebrospinal fluid pH is reduced
- Bcompensated chronic renal failure
- Cperiods when plasma bicarbonate level is raised
- Ddeep sleep
- Eexercise because of the ensuing fall in arterial pO2
62Pulmonary:
- Aarterial mean pressure is about one-sixth systemic mean arterial pressure
- Bblood flow/minute is greater then the systemic blood flow/minute
- Cvascular resistance is about 50 per cent that of systemic vascular resistance
- Dvascular capacity is similar to systemic vascular capacity
- Earterial pressure increases by about 50 per cent when cardiac output rises by 50 per cent
63Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in:
- Acombination with the myoglobin molecule
- Bcombination with plasma globulins
- Cphysical solution in red blood cells
- Dgreater quantity in red blood cells than in plasma
- Egreater quantity as HCO3- than as other forms
64A shift of the oxygen dissociation curve of blood to the right:
- Aoccurs m the pulmonary capillaries
- Boccurs if blood temperature decreases
- Cfavors oxygen delivery to the tissues
- Dfavors oxygen uptake from the lungs by alveolar capillary blood
- Eoccurs if the pH of the blood increases
65The compliance of the lungs and chest wall is:
- Aexpressed as volume change per unit change in pressure
- Bminimal during quiet breathing
- Cincreased by the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli
- Ddecreased by surfactant
- Echanged by parallel displacement of the line relating lung volume to distending pressure
66Respiratory dead space:
- Asaturates inspired air with water vapour before it reaches the alveoli
- Bremoves all particles from inspired air before it reaches the alveoli
- Cdecreases when blood catecholamines levels rise
- Ddecreases during a deep inspiration
- Eis equal to the tidal volume
67Vital capacity is:
- Athe volume of air expired from full inspiration to full expiration
- Bincreased as one grows older
- Cgreater in women than in men of the same age and height
- Drelated more to total body mass than to lean body mass
- Ethe sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes
68Oxygen debt is:
- Athe amount of O2 consumed after cessation of exercise
- Bincurred because the pulmonary capillary walls limit 02 uptake during exercise
- Cpossible since skeletal muscle can function temporarily without oxygen
- Dassociated with a decrease in blood lactate
- Eassociated with metabolic alcalosis
69The CO2 dissociation curve for whole blood shows that:
- Aits shape is sigmoid
- Bblood saturates with CO2 when pCO2 exceeds normal alveolar levels
- Cblood contains some CO2 even when the pCO2 is zero
- Doxygenation of the blood drives CO2 out of the blood
- Eadding CO2 to the blood drives 02 out of the blood
70Bronchial asthma is likely to be relieved by:
- Astimulation of cholinergic receptors
- Bstimulation of beta adrenoceptors
- Chistamine aerosols
- Dnon steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Emineralcorticoids
71Air in the pleural cavity (pneumothorax):
- Aallows intrapleural pressure to rise to atmospheric pressure
- Bcauses the underlying lung to collapse by compressing it
- Cincreases the functional residual capacity
- Dleads to a slight inward movement of the chest wall
- Eincreases the vital capacity
72Loss of pulmonary elastic tissue in ‘emphysema’ reduces:
- Aphysiological dead space
- Bthe surfactant
- Cresidual volume
- Dvital capacity
- Ethe intrapleural pressure
73Complete obstruction of a major bronchus usually results in:
- Acollapse of the alveoli supplied by the bronchus
- Ba rise in local intrapleural pressure
- Can increase in physiological dead space
- Dan increase in blood flow to the lung tissue supplied by the bronchus
- Ecyanosis
74A shift of the oxygen dissociation curve of blood to the left:
- Adecreases the O2 content of blood at a given pO2
- Bimpairs O2 delivery to the tissues at the normal tissue pO2
- Coccurs in blood perfusing hot extremities
- Doccurs in blood with lower pH than with higher pH
- Eis characteristic of adult blood when compared with fetal blood
75A diver breathing air at a depth of 30 metres under water:
- Ais exposed to a pressure equal to that at the surface
- Bhas a raised pressure of nitrogen in the alveoli
- Chas a four-fold increase in the oxygen content of blood
- Dhas a fourfold increase in alveolar water vapour pressure
- Eexpends less energy than manna! on the work of breathing
76Cyanosis:
- Amay be caused by high levels of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood
- Bmay be caused by high levels of methaemoglobin in the blood
- Cis seen in fingers of hands immersed in iced water
- Doccurs more easily in anaemic than in polycythaemic patients
- Eis severe in cyanide poisoning
77A patient with carbon dioxide retention is likely to have:
- Ametabolic acidosis
- Balkaline urine
- Ccool extremeties
- Ddecreased cerebral blood flow
- Eraised plasma bicarbonate
78Coughing:
- Ais reflexly initiated by irritation of the alveoli
- Bis associated with relaxation of airways smooth muscle
- Cdepends on contraction of the diaphragm for expulsion of air
- Ddiffers from sneezing in that the glottis is initially closed
- Eis equivalent of sneezing
79The severity of an obstructive airways disease is indicated by the degree of change in the:
- Atotal ventilation/perfusion ratio
- Bpeak expiratory flow rate
- Crespiratory quotient
- Dtidal volume
- Edead space
80A 50% fall in the ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in one lung would:
- Alower systemic arterial oxygen content
- Bhas no effect on the O2 in systemic circulation
- Cincrease the physiological dead space
- Dlower systemic arterial carbon dioxide content
- Ebe compensated (with respect to oxygen uptake) by a high ratio in the other lung
81The total amount of O2 carried by the circulation to the tissues/min. (oxygen delivery or total available oxygen):
- Anormally equals the rate of O2 consumption by the body/min
- Bis normally more than 95 per cent combined with haemoglobin
- Cmust fall by about half if haemoglobin concentration is halved
- Dis more closely related to PO2 than to percentage saturation of the blood with O2
- Emust double if body oxygen consumption doubles
82For air to enter the lungs during inspiration
- Athe pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure
- Bthe pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure
- Cthe pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure
- Dthe diaphragm must be relaxed
- Ethe external intercostal muscles must be relaxed
83Given: CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3- + H+, what happens if bicarbonate ions are increased?
- Amore carbon monoxide produced
- Bmore bicarbonate ions produced
- Can increase in protons
- Dthere would be a shift to the left
- Ethere would be a shift to the right first, then to the left
84The values (mm Hg) for pCO2 and pO2 in the interstitial spaces of peripheral tissues are approximately:
- A60; 40
- B40; 60
- C46; 40
- D66; 46
- E46; 100
85If forcefully exhaling as much air as possible after a normal breath this is:
- Atidal volume
- Bexpiratory reserve volume
- Cmaximum expiratory flow rate
- Deupnea
- Einspiratory reserve volume
86Which of the following reactions takes place in the systemic capillaries (where CO2 is greater and O2 is less)?
- AHb + O2 -> HbO2
- BHb + CO2 -> HbCO2
- CHbCO2 -> Hb + CO2
- DH2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+
- ENa+ + HCO3- -> NaHCO3
87Water molecules on the surface of the alveoli generate surface tension; this force;
- Ainhibits alveolar collapse
- Bassists pulmonary compliance
- Cassists elastic recoil
- Dresists elastic recoil
- Eimpairs gas exchange
88What does the ventral respiratory group within the medulla oblongata do?
- Atriggers inspiration
- Bdecreased ventilation rate
- Cnothing
- Dfor forced breathing
- Einhibits apneustic center, sets limits to over inflation of lungs
89The region in the brain that sets the limit for over-inflation of lungs is located in the:
- Apons
- Bapneustic center
- Carterial blood chemistry
- Dmedulla oblongata
- Estretch receptors
90In Caissons disease pain in the joints and muscles is due to:
- Aformation of N2 bubbles
- Bformation of CO2 bubbles
- Cdue to fatigue
- Ddue to increase in barometric pressure
- Eformation of O2 bubbles
91Normal value of FEV in an adult is:
- A95%
- B80%
- C65%
- D50%
- E40%
92The most important gas maintaining alveolar ventilation is:
- Aoxygen
- Bhydrogen
- Ccarbon dioxide
- DN2
- ECO
93Hyperbaric oxygen is useful in all except:
- Acongenital heart disease
- Bgas gangrene
- CCO poisoning
- DN2 toxicity
- Eadvanced pulmonary carcinoma
94As one ascends to higher than 3000 meters above sea level changes in alveolar pO2 and pCO2 are as follows:
- Adecrease in pO2, increase in pCO2
- Bdecrease in pO2, decrease in pCO2
- Cincrease in both pO2 and pCO2
- Dincrease in pO2, decrease in pCO2
- Eno change in pO2 and pCO2
95Surfactant is secreted by:
- Atype 1 pneumatocytes
- Btype 2 pneumatocytes
- Cgoblet cells
- Dpulmonary vessels
- Ebronchial smooth muscle cells
96Which of the following effects is not observed during prolonged stay is space:
- Adecrease in blood volume
- Bdecrease in muscle strength
- Cincrease in red cell mass
- Dloss of bone mass
- Eosteroporosis
97Airway resistance:
- Aincreases in asthma
- Bdecreases in emphysema
- Cincreases in paraplegic patients
- Ddoes not affect work of breathing
- Edecreases in asthma
98Decreases on pCO2, decrease in H+ and increased pO2 causes:
- Ahyperventilation
- Bhypoventilation
- Chypercapnoea
- Dhypoxia
- Enone of the above
99The intrapleural pressure at the end of deep inspiration is:
- A-4 mm Hg
- B+4 mm Hg
- C-6 mm Hg
- D+6 mm Hg
- E-10 mm Hg
100Exercise which doubles the metabolic rate is likely to at least double the:
- Aoxygen consumption
- Bcardiac output
- Cstroke volume
- Darterial pCO2
- Eventilation/perfusion ratio
101Sudden complete obstruction of the respiratory tract causes:
- Aa fall in blood pressure
- Bstimulation of central chemoreceptors
- Ccianosis
- Dincreased breathing
- Econstriction of the pupils
102The effects of moving from sea level to an altitude of 5000 metres include an increase in:
- Aalveolar ventilation
- Bblood bicarbonate level
- Cappetite for food
- Dexercise tolerance
- Emuscle strength
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- Respiration
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- Med Student
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- English
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