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Infant Perceptual Development

Beschreibung

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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Empiricists saw newborns as:
Antworten
  • Tabula rasa
  • Innately born with traits and characteristics
  • Shaped by their parents' traits and characteristics
  • Yet to be shaped by the social environment that they would live in

Frage 2

Frage
Empiricists believe that children learn their behaviours, traits and characteristics, and don't inherit them. Is this true or false?
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 3

Frage
Nativists saw newborns as:
Antworten
  • Tabula rasa
  • Innately born with traits and characteristics
  • Yet to be shaped by the social environment in which they will live
  • Born with the traits and characteristics from their parents

Frage 4

Frage
For infant children in their early perceptual development, sensation is:
Antworten
  • Exploring themselves and their environment with their senses
  • Exploring their own emotions and sensations from what they feel
  • Understanding how objects exist and the sensations that they get from interacting with them
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Frage 5

Frage
For infant children in their perceptual development, perception is:
Antworten
  • Interpretation through their brain's sensory input
  • What they see and can do with themselves to interact with it
  • Understanding the world that they inhabit

Frage 6

Frage
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for an infant's sensory processing?
Image:
430ec56c-8ca9-447d-90f6-504d2966d806 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal

Frage 7

Frage
When are infants' vision the least developed?
Antworten
  • At birth
  • At 2 months old
  • At 6 months old
  • At 12 months old
  • At 18 months old

Frage 8

Frage
According to Fantz (1961) infants prefer:
Antworten
  • Patterned shapes
  • Unpatterned shapes
  • Both
  • Neither

Frage 9

Frage
According to Fantz, infants prefer:
Antworten
  • Symmetrical lines
  • Assymetrical lines

Frage 10

Frage
According to Fantz (1961), infants prefer:
Antworten
  • Curved lines
  • Straight lines
  • Both
  • Neither

Frage 11

Frage
Neonates can differentiate between different types of patterns. Is this true or false?
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 12

Frage
Habituation is when an infant stares at an object for a period of time. When they are bored, they look away. Is this true or false?
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 13

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How long does it take for newborns to habituate to new stimuli?
Antworten
  • Less than a minute
  • Between one and two minutes
  • Two minutes
  • Several minutes

Frage 14

Frage
When infants reach around 4 or 5 months, their information processing reduces by how much?
Antworten
  • 10 seconds
  • 20 seconds
  • 30 seconds
  • 1 minute
  • 2 minutes

Frage 15

Frage
Why do newborns take longer, at 2 months old, to habituate?
Antworten
  • Because they are cognitively slower than they have ever been
  • Because they are more easily distracted
  • Because there is less novelty about the stimuli that they are presented with
  • Their visual processing has improved significantly and there is more information to process

Frage 16

Frage
In operant conditioning, reinforcement [blank_start]increases the chances of[blank_end] behavioural recurrence. Punishment [blank_start]reduces the chances of[blank_end] behavioural recurrence.
Antworten
  • increases the chances of
  • decreases the chances of
  • reduces the chances of
  • improves the chances of

Frage 17

Frage
Rovee-Collier (1999) attached a mobile ribbon to a 3-month old baby's ankle during her research experiment. The baby quickly found out that by repeatedly kicking, the mobile would move. What does this say about operant conditioning?
Antworten
  • Infants understand operant conditioning before they are 6 months old. By kicking, it shows that, in context-dependent situations, they can perform behaviours relative to previous events
  • Her findings were inconclusive as they were too often found to be shown in some infants, but not in others
  • Infants still need a few more months before they can understand behaviours related to operant conditioning. Even when the baby kicked the first time, it didn't necessarily correlate to activating the mobile, context-dependent or otherwise
  • None of the above

Frage 18

Frage
Rovee-Collier's (1999) research showed that:
Antworten
  • Babies can learn through their own behaviour quickly the consequences of their actions
  • Some babies can learn through their own behaviour quickly the consequences of their actions
  • Very few babies can obtain the understanding of operant conditioning as quickly as others, takes a longer time
  • She didn't find anything significant

Frage 19

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Which of the following areas of the eyes in babies is the least developed as they grow?
Antworten
  • Fovea
  • Cone cells
  • Retina
  • Optic nerve
  • All of the above

Frage 20

Frage
At what point do infants obtain vision comparable to adults?
Antworten
  • Before 6 months old
  • Before 12 months old
  • At 2 years old
  • At 3 years old

Frage 21

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In pattern perception, infants only a few weeks old:
Antworten
  • Focus on single, high contrast patterns and features
  • Focus on many, high contrast patterns and features
  • Focus on single, low contrast patterns and features
  • Focus on many, low contrast patterns and features

Frage 22

Frage
A baby would be able to recognise their mother in their second day of life. However, would they be able to if her face was partially occluded?
Antworten
  • Yes
  • No

Frage 23

Frage
In facial recognition, one-month old infants will naturally focus on:
Antworten
  • Facial edges (e.g. hair, chin)
  • Distinctive features (e.g. scars, blemishes)
  • All natural facial features

Frage 24

Frage
In facial recognition, two-month-old infants will have had better contrast sensitivity and ocular-motor control. This means that they now focus on:
Antworten
  • The facial edges (e.g. hair, chin)
  • Distinctive features (e.g. scars, blemishes)
  • All parts of the face, particularly eyes and mouth

Frage 25

Frage
At 3 weeks old, an infant's pattern perception:
Antworten
  • Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefer large, simple patterns
  • Can detect detail in complex patterns and their internal features
  • Can detect patterns, even if boundaries are not present
  • Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing

Frage 26

Frage
At 2 months old, an infant's pattern perception:
Antworten
  • Has poor contrast sensitivity, and prefers large simple patterns
  • Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan their internal features
  • Can detect boundaries in patterns, even if they are not really present
  • Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing

Frage 27

Frage
At 4 months old, an infant's pattern perception:
Antworten
  • Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefers large, simple patterns
  • Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan them for internal features
  • Can detect pattern boundaries, even if they are not really present
  • Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing

Frage 28

Frage
At 12 months old, an infant's pattern perception
Antworten
  • Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefers large, simple patterns
  • Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan them for internal features
  • Can detect patterns even if the boundaries are not really present
  • Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing

Frage 29

Frage
A baby is presented with a standard, natural face, and a jumbled face. When the faces are moved across their visual fields, which do they follow longer?
Antworten
  • The normal face
  • The jumbled face

Frage 30

Frage
Why, according to Morton and Johnson, might a baby follow a normal face for longer than one that is jumbled?
Antworten
  • They prefer, attentionally, those that are the same as them (evolutionary perspective)
  • They have been habituated to the stimuli for longer
  • They are just looking and not really paying too much attention
  • They want to know what happens next

Frage 31

Frage
According to Farroni, Menon and Johnson (2006), what types of faces do babies prefer?
Antworten
  • Faces with a direct gaze, upside-down
  • Faces with a direct gaze, the right way up
  • Faces looking away, upside down
  • Faces looking away, the right way up

Frage 32

Frage
When presented with a visual cliff, would 6-month-old babies crawl to their mothers?
Antworten
  • Yes
  • No

Frage 33

Frage
For depth perception, one-month-old babies show sensitivity to:
Antworten
  • Kinetic cues
  • Binocular cues
  • Pictorial cues, wariness of height

Frage 34

Frage
For depth perception, two to three-month-old babies show sensitivity to:
Antworten
  • Kinetic cues
  • Binocular cues
  • Pictorial cues, wariness of height

Frage 35

Frage
For depth perception, five to 12-month-old babies show sensitivity to:
Antworten
  • Kinetic cues
  • Binocular cues
  • Pictorial cues, wariness of height

Frage 36

Frage
Size constancy is:
Antworten
  • Perception of a true object's size
  • Perception of your own true size
  • Perception of the environment around you and its size at any time

Frage 37

Frage
Shape constancy is:
Antworten
  • Perception of an object's true shape
  • Perception of your own true shape
  • Perception of the shape of the environment

Frage 38

Frage
Slater (2001) found that newborns have an early understanding of size constancy. Is this true or false?
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 39

Frage
At what point do human children stop being at risk of the adverse effects of visual deprivation?
Antworten
  • 2-4 years old
  • 3-5 years old
  • 4-6 years old
  • 5-7 years old
  • 7 years old and above

Frage 40

Frage
Is visual perception in 1-month-old kittens permanent when deprived of light for only a few days? (Crair, Gillespie & Stryker, 1998)
Antworten
  • Yes
  • No

Frage 41

Frage
If visual deprivation in newborn children is left untreated for the first 6 months of life, the effects are permanent. Is this true or false?
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 42

Frage
When does the critical period of binocular functioning begin for newborns and peak?
Antworten
  • 3 months - 1-2 years
  • 5 months - 1-2 years
  • 6 months - 1-2 years
  • Never

Frage 43

Frage
In terms of perceptual vision, newborns:
Antworten
  • Can see clearly close-up and across wide ranges
  • Cannot see clearly, but can across wide ranges
  • Can see clearly close-up, but not across wide ranges
  • Cannot see clearly or across wide ranges

Frage 44

Frage
Is infant memory for operant responses context-dependent?
Antworten
  • Yes
  • No

Frage 45

Frage
Habituation refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation. Recovery refers to:
Antworten
  • Even greater reductions in the strength of a response
  • New stimuli (eg, a change in environment) causing for habituated responses to return at a high level

Frage 46

Frage
Is infant learning, when assessed through habituation, context-dependent?
Antworten
  • Yes
  • No

Frage 47

Frage
According to research (Bartocci, et al., 2006; Slater, et al., 2010), do preterm and male babies show intense or relaxed activation of sensorimotor areas in the cerebral cortex?
Antworten
  • Intense
  • Reduced

Frage 48

Frage
According to research (Axelin, Salanterä & Lehtonen, 2006; Gormaly, et al., 2001), physical touch releases what painkilling chemicals in the brain?
Antworten
  • Endorphins
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • ACh
  • ATP

Frage 49

Frage
Allowing a baby to endure severe pain ________ the nervous system with stress hormones, which can disrupt a child's capacity to handle common everyday stressors (eg, sleep disturbances, feeding problems, difficulty calming down) (Mitchell & Boss, 2002).
Antworten
  • Overwhelms
  • Underwhelms

Frage 50

Frage
An adult's soft caresses induces infants to be _____ attentive towards an adult's face (Stack & Muir, 1992).
Antworten
  • more
  • less

Frage 51

Frage
Can babies readily learn to have positive responses to tastes that were previously neutral or negative (eg, bitter-tasting formula substitute to cow's milk that they are allergic to)?
Antworten
  • Yes
  • No

Frage 52

Frage
Babies show early improvements in vision during their development stages. At 2 months old, they achieve [blank_start]focus and colour vision[blank_end]. At 6 months old they gain [blank_start]acuity, scanning, and tracking[blank_end]. Then, at 6 or 7 months old, they obtain [blank_start]depth perception[blank_end].
Antworten
  • focus and colour vision
  • motion
  • stereopsis
  • acuity, scanning, and tracking
  • motion parallax
  • binocular disparity
  • depth perception
  • accommodation
  • paralysis

Frage 53

Frage
There is a development of visual acuity in infants. At [blank_start]3 months old[blank_end], they can detect the contrast in Mickey Mouse's ear. At [blank_start]6 months old[blank_end], they have 20:80 visual acuity. At [blank_start]3 years old[blank_end], they develop full vision.
Antworten
  • 3 months old
  • 2 months old
  • 1 month old
  • 6 months old
  • 5 months old
  • 4 months old
  • 3 years old
  • 2 years old
  • 4 years old

Frage 54

Frage
As babies grow, cone cells in the retina:
Antworten
  • Elongate
  • Shrink

Frage 55

Frage
At [blank_start]3 weeks old[blank_end], babies have poor contrast sensitivity and prefer large, simple patterns. At [blank_start]2 months old[blank_end], they can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan for internal features of patterns. At [blank_start]4 months old[blank_end], they can detect patterns that may not really be there. And at [blank_start]12 months old[blank_end], they can detect objects even when two-thirds of the image are missing.
Antworten
  • 3 weeks old
  • 2 weeks old
  • A week old
  • 2 months old
  • A month old
  • 3 months old
  • 4 months old
  • 5 months old
  • 6 months old
  • 12 months old
  • 18 months old
  • 24 months old

Frage 56

Frage
At birth, babies are sensitive to [blank_start]kinetic[blank_end] cues. Between 2 and 3 months old, they become sensitive to [blank_start]binocular[blank_end] cues. Finally, as they reach a year old (5 - 12 months), they become sensitive to [blank_start]pictorial[blank_end] cues.
Antworten
  • kinetic
  • binocular
  • pictorial

Frage 57

Frage
There are three cues that babies attend to in their depth perception development. The first is [blank_start]motion[blank_end]. The second is [blank_start]stereopsis[blank_end]. The third are [blank_start]pictorial[blank_end].
Antworten
  • motion
  • stereopsis
  • pictorial

Frage 58

Frage
In the first cue that babies begin to attend, at what point do they understand that 3D objects are not flat?
Antworten
  • A month old
  • 2 months old
  • 3 months old

Frage 59

Frage
According to Campos (et al., 2000), are infants more or less likely to refuse to cross the deep side of a visual cliff?
Antworten
  • More likely to refuse
  • Less likely to refuse

Frage 60

Frage
According to research (Bai & Bertenthal, 1992; Campos, et al., 2000), who is better at remembering object locations and finding hidden objects?
Antworten
  • Seasoned crawlers
  • Inexperienced crawlers

Frage 61

Frage
According to Bell and Fox (1996), does crawling promote a new level of brain organisation, as indicated by more organised EEG brainwave activity in the cerebral cortex?
Antworten
  • Yes, it does
  • No, it does not

Frage 62

Frage
According to Banks and Ginsburg (1985), contrast refers to:
Antworten
  • The difference in the amounts of light between adjacent regions in a pattern
  • The similarities of light between adjacent regions in a pattern

Frage 63

Frage
Hatton (et al., 1997) observed infants with visual acuity issues (eg, 20/800) throughout their preschool years. They found that the infants:
Antworten
  • Were far behind their peers in all areas of their development
  • Were much further behind their peers in only perceptual development, but fine everywhere else

Frage 64

Frage
Research has found infants who have severe visual impairments also struggle with motor exploration and spatial understanding (Levtzion-Korach, et al., 2000). What do they have to rely on?
Antworten
  • Sound
  • Parents
  • Friends

Frage 65

Frage
Has research (eg, Preisler, 1991; Bigelow, 2003) found that infants who see poorly also struggle with caregiver interaction? Do they have difficulties reciprocating interactions?
Antworten
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Frage 66

Frage
Some have asserted that infant facial perception is due to a built-in capacity to orient towards members of one's own species (Johnson, 2001; Slater & Quinn, 2001). However, others suggest that this is because:
Antworten
  • They prefer any stimulus in the periphery of their visual field (Cassia, Turati & Simon, 2004)
  • They are socially conditioned to believe that this is what they need to be observing (Jones, et al., 1996)

Frage 67

Frage
When a baby is 2 months old, they can scan an entire stimulus and combine pattern elements into an organised whole. Because of this, can they recognise (and do they prefer) their mother's face to another woman's, according to Bartrip, Morton, and De Schonen (2001)?
Antworten
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Frage 68

Frage
Do babies prefer their own race according to research (eg, Bar-Haim, et al., 2006; Kelley, et al., 2007)?
Antworten
  • Yes
  • No

Frage 69

Frage
Can own-race preferences be erased according to Sangrigoli (et al., 2005)?
Antworten
  • Yes, they can
  • No, they cannot

Frage 70

Frage
At first, do infants rely heavily on motion and spatial arrangement to identify objects, according to Jusczyk (et al., 1999) and Spelke and Hermer (1996)?
Antworten
  • Yes
  • No

Frage 71

Frage
"As infants become more familiar with many objects and can integrate each object's diverse features into a unified whole, they rely more on shape, colour, and pattern and less on motion (Slater, et al., 2010)" (Berk, 2012, pp. 165). Is this true or false?
Antworten
  • It's true
  • It's false

Frage 72

Frage
According to Johnson and Shuwairi (2009) does experience enhance a young infant's predictive eye tracking?
Antworten
  • Yes, it does
  • No, it does not

Frage 73

Frage
Novelty prefernece refers to:
Antworten
  • The tendency to prefer paying attention to new objects or people that have never been seen before
  • The tendency to prefer paying attention to old objects that have been previously used

Frage 74

Frage
According to Berk (2012), do infants from 4 to 11 months increasingly rely on featural information to detect the identity of an object?
Antworten
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Frage 75

Frage
At first, do infants attend to form (eg, size and shape) and then surface features (eg, pattern, colour) according to Woods and Wilcox (2009)?
Antworten
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Frage 76

Frage
According to Berk (2012), intermodal perception is:
Antworten
  • Understanding our senses and perceiving them as a whole
  • Understanding our senses, and perceiving them as separate and individual

Frage 77

Frage
According to Berk (2012), amodal sensory properties are:
Antworten
  • Information that is not specific to a single modality, but overlaps with others
  • Information that is specific to single modality

Frage 78

Frage
Newborns can recognise visual objects and distinguish them from others (Sann & Streri, 2007). However, do they only require on exposure to learn the association between the sight and sound of a toy, according to Morrongiello, Fenwick, and Chance (1998)?
Antworten
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they need more

Frage 79

Frage
According to Bahrick, Hernández-Reif and Flom (2005), are babies biologically primed to focus on amodal information?
Antworten
  • Yes, they are
  • No, they are not

Frage 80

Frage
According to Woods and Wilcox (2009), which do children attend to first?
Antworten
  • Form (eg, size, shape)
  • Surface features (eg, pattern, colour)
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