Quiz
BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 7
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Fragen in diesem Quiz (13)
1[blank_start]Taxonomy[blank_end] is the discipline of naming and classifying (grouping) organisms.
- ATaxonomy
- BPhylogeny
2Linnaeus classified species into a hierarchy of increasingly broader categories i.e. families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdoms and domains.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
3The placement of species into orders, classes and so on always reflects evolutionary history
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
4TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS
These words have a similar history: over time these have been used as synonyms, as overlapping or as complementary terms.
In today's usage, [blank_start]taxonomy[blank_end] deals with discovering, describing and naming organisms. [blank_start]Systematics[blank_end] deals with the phylogenetic relationships between taxa, especially at the higher levels.
Todays systematics is greatly influenced by DNA data from nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genes – [blank_start]molecular[blank_end] systematics.- Ataxonomy
- Bsystematics
- CSystematics
- DTaxonomy
- Emolecular
5The evolutionary history of a group of organism can be represented in a branching diagram call a phylogenetic tree.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
6HOW TO INTERPRET A PHYLOGENETIC TREE
A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about [blank_start]evolutionary[blank_end] relationships. Phylogenetic trees show the pattern of descent [blank_start]not[blank_end] phenotypic similarity. The sequencing of branching in a tree [blank_start]does not[blank_end] necessarily indicate the actual ([blank_start]absolute[blank_end]) age of the particular taxon. Unless specific information about what the branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree means – we should interpret the diagram solely in terms of its pattern. It [blank_start]should not[blank_end] be assumed that a taxon on a phylogenetic tree evolved from the taxon next to it.- Aevolutionary
- Bgenetic
- Cecological
- Dnot
- Eand
- Fdoes not
- Gdoes
- Habsolute
- Irelative
- Jshould not
- Kshould
7CHARACTERS AND CHARACTER STATES
Phylogenetic [blank_start]reconstruction[blank_end] is based on the analysis of characters and changes in character states (presence / absence or [blank_start]modifications[blank_end]). [blank_start]Characters[blank_end] can be m[blank_start]orphological[blank_end], b[blank_start]ehavioural[blank_end] or molecular and need to have a shared ancestry -
[blank_start]homologous[blank_end]. A potential source of confusion when constructing a phylogenetic tree is similarity between organisms that is due to convergence – [blank_start]analogy[blank_end]. Shared ancestral ([blank_start]primitive[blank_end]) characteristics are inherited with little / no change from an ancestors. Shared derived characters are those that have undergone [blank_start]recent[blank_end] change and may be found only in closely related species.- Areconstruction
- Bmodifications
- CCharacters
- Dorphological
- Eehavioural
- Fhomologous
- Ganalogy
- Hprimitive
- Irecent
8Sequences alignment is necessary to determine molecular homology. In organisms that have very different sequences and are not closely related, the bases that they share may simply be coincidental matches – molecular homoplasies.
Label these two scenarios accordingly.- Amolecular homology
- Bmolecular analogy
9Which one of the following statements about cladistics is FALSE?
- ACladistics is a methods for inferring phylogeny.
- BIn cladistics, ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify (group) organisms.
- CCladistics represents relationships as a series of branching events, that are determined by shared derived characters.
- DCladistics includes overall similarities (ancestral characteristics).
- EA clade is a group which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
- FCladistics emphasises monophyletic classification, that is, every grouping should consist only of organisms descended from a common ancestor.
10Label each of these three scenarios on a phylogenetic tree.
NOTE: paraphyletic does not include all descendants of the common ancestor; polyphyletic does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members.- AMonophyletic group clade
- BParaphyletic group
- CPolyphyletic group
11INFERRING PHYLOGENIES
[blank_start]All[blank_end] the characteristics of an organism arose at some particular point in time Therefore it should be possible to determine the [blank_start]clade[blank_end] in which each shared derived character first appeared. [blank_start]Shared derived characters[blank_end] are unique to a particular clade. This information can then be used to infer evolutionary [blank_start]relationships[blank_end]. However to do this we need an [blank_start]outgroup[blank_end] to serve as a point of [blank_start]reference[blank_end]. An outgroup is a species or group of species that i known to have diverged [blank_start]before[blank_end] the lineage that includes the species we are studying.- AAll
- Bclade
- CShared derived characters
- Drelationships
- Eoutgroup
- Freference
- Gbefore
- Hafter
12The principle of parsimony dictates that we should investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
13For phylogenies based on DNA, the least parimonious tree requires the fewest base changes.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Stage I The University of Auckland BIOSCI 101 Quiz am BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 7, erstellt von Eilidh Young am 20/06/2017.
- Autor
- Eilidh Young
- Sprache
- English
- Aufrufe
- 226
- Schlagwörter
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