the internet protocol

The Internet Protocol

• The Internet is a worldwide network of computer that use standard protocols to send and receive data.
• There are a number of key terms.
• THESE INCLUDE:
• Point of Presence (PoP)
• Network Access Point (NAP)
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)

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Point Of Presence

• An access point to the internet. Normally, it is a location which contains all of the hardwarewhich allows internet users access to the internet.

Network Access Point

• An interchange between networks within the internet.

Internet Protocol

• the protocol used to route packets of information across the internet.

Transmission Control Protocol

• the protocol which takes data from the users application program and it passes it to the IP For transfer across the internet.
• the reverse operation is performed at the destination computer,
• i.e. the TCP reassembles the data (from individual packets) and forwards them to the user’s
• application program. The close relation with the IP means that the terms are usually used in
• combination, i.e. TCP/IP.

File Transfer Protocol

• A standard protocol which allows files to be transferred between two computers on a TCP-based
• network. It is commonly used to download programs to your computer from other servers and to
• upload web pages that you have created to the server that is hosting them on the internet.

Internet Service Provider

• Direct connection to the internet would be very costly and so ISPs provide a cost-effective
• gateway for people and organisations to get onto the internet. In the UK there are many
• ISPs, with some of the most popular ones being BT (British Telecom), Virgin Media and Sky.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oj7A2YDgIWE (Einbetten)

internet infrastructure/hardware

• The internet is a very large client/server network with connection worldwide. A wide range of hardware is used but you will need to know the most important.
• i will cover these:
• Server
• Client
• Router
• Backbone

Server

• A computer or program which runs purely to serve the needs of other computers. It runs special server software to service the requirements of the users (clients). There are several types of servers,including file servers and printer servers on a local area network (LAN), and web and email servers that manage communication with the internet.
• 

Client

• A computer which uses the services provided by the server.

Router

• A piece of hardware that connects two or more networks. In relation to the internet, data from
• the ISP is sent into the network and the router then directs the data packets to the correct
• destinations. The router also handles data travelling in the other direction. Routers can be
• described as ‘directors of traffic’ for the network.

Backbone

• The main connecting data routes between large networks on the internet and smaller networks in local regions

Network diagrams

• Internet - NAP - PoP - laptop/computer/tablet
• Client - Router - ISP - Internet

connection methods

• I will be required to know 3 methods for connecting to the internet with disadvantages and advantages for each
• I will be covering:
• Wireless
• Broadband
• Dial-up

Wireless

• DEFINITION: Used by wireless-enabled
• devices (computers, mobiles,
• smartphones, etc.) to log in to
• the internet. Wireless is exactly
• what it says; there are no wires to
• connect.
• ADVANTAGES:Not fixed to a stationary computer.
• Can be used wherever there is a wireless hub
• which is accessible.
• DISADVANTAGES: Need to have access to a wireless hub.Can be less secure than wired
• connections.
• Tend to have slower data transmission
• speeds than wired broadband methods.

Broadband

• DEFINITION:A wired connection to a broadband supplier. Normally the connection is via a network card in the computer. Cable users have an Ethernet connection from their computer to the network.
• ADVANTAGES: Broadband connections can give better reception and are usually faster than dial-up.
• DISADVANTAGES: Requires a base which is wired in, so it is less flexible than wireless.

DIAL-UP

• DEFINITION - A wired connection via a conventional telephone line,which needs a modem to convert signals to and from analogue for transmission.
• ADVANTAGES: Can use existing telephone circuits which is useful in some areas.
• DISADVANTAGES: Tends to be slower than other connection methods.
• Older technology gives off poor reception at times

hyperlink

• a link from a hypertext document to another location, activated by clicking on a highlighted word or image.

web server

• A web server is an information technology that processes requests via HTTP, the basic network protocol used to distribute information on the World Wide web.

wizard

• a help feature of a software package that automates complex tasks by asking the user a series of easy-to-answer questions.

HTML

• HTML is a computer language used to create web pages. You can create HTML HTML code.directly in the language itself or by using authoring software (such as Adobe ®Dreamweaver ® or Microsoft ® Expression) which uses templates and wizards to create HTML code.

HTML element

• An html element is an individual component of an HTML document or web page, once this has been parsed into the Document Object Model.

URL

• URL is an acronym for uniform resource locator and is a reference (an address) to a resource on the Internet.

search engine

• a search engin

CODEC

• A device or program used to encode or decode data

devices/components

• Used as a generic term to mean computers,peripherals, hardware, mobile telephones, manufacturing plant, environment monitors and many other things.

peripheral

• Any device, such as a printer attached to a computer to expand its functionality.

internet packet

• A formatted block of data sent over networks and the internet. a packet contains the addresses of send and destination, the data and error checking

byte

• in computing and telecommunications, a byte is a digital information which commonly consists of eight bits.

USB

• universal serial bus (uSB) is a serial transmission method which was introduced to make many of the connections to a computer look the same. Nowadays USB is used in a wide variety of devices, such as mobile telephones, memory sticks and MP3 players. A wide variety of devices, such as mobile telephones, memory sticks and MP3 players. USB ports also supply power to some devices.The maximum theoretical transmission rate for USB 2.0 is 480 Mbps, but this is shared among all devices on a USB hub, so the rate for each device will be less than this.

client side processing

• client-side processing is the use of a scripting language to create code on web pages web page is opened by the users browser which provides interactivity. The important point is that the interaction takes place within the web page and the code is downloaded to the user’s computer when the opened by the users browser. Advantages include the interaction may be faster once the code has been downloaded with the page. Disadvantages include Not all scripts work the same way on all browsers, so you may have to create different versions depending on the browsers used.

server side processing

SERVER SIDE PROCESSING

• Server-side processing involves the use of scripts which reside and are run on another website content on the web server using scripts computer on the internet (the web server). Information is submitted to a server which processes it to provide results in the form of a web page.A good example of server-side processing is the submission of a search through a search engine. The search engine matches the word or phrase against an index of website content on the web server using scripts. Advantages include Complex code may run more efficiently, as it does not have to be
• downloaded on to the user’s computer. Disadvantages include The exchange of data over the network may present security risks

Bi-directional transmission

• Bi-directional transmission has several meanings within data communication, but it only, so you have to add extra fibres to the bundle to carry a signal in the opposite is essentially about transmitting in both directions. Most recently the term has beenapplied to fi bre optics. Using the current technology, light passes in one direction only, so you have to add extra fibres to the bundle to carry signal in the opposite direction.

packet switching

• Packet Switching is the process of data being broken into 'packets' before being sent through a network and then reassembled at the other end. this method is used on the internet.

Simplex

• sends data in one direction only. A radio broadcast is a good example of simplex transmission.

Half Duplex

• allows two-way transmissions but the devices don’t transmit same time. Some network systems use half-duplex to maximise bandwidth.at the same time. A system being used to monitor and control manufacturing processescan use half-duplex transmissions. It will send a message to the control computer,which will respond with new settings, but they both cannot send messages at the same time.

full duplex

• allows two-way communication at the same time.
• The telephone system, land or mobile, is an example of a full duplex system

database

• A database is a system for managing a collection of data. Data about a particular type
• of thing – for example, customers or products – is stored in a table . You can think of a
• table as a grid. Every row in the table holds information about a single item; this is also
• called a record . Every column holds information about a property of the items in thetable, such as a customer’s name or an item’s price – these properties are called fields

table

• A two dimensional representation of data in a database.

Record

• A group of selected data which are associated in some way.

field

• A single piece of data within a record.

Primary Key

• A single unique key used to identify each record in a table.

foreign key

• A field which can be used to cross-reference and access associated information across many fields.

DBMS

• The DBMS allows you to create, maintain, search and sort data on a database.

SQL

• SQL is the language that generates the code used by the DBMS.

DD

• This is the part which is used to define the database structure.

DML

• This is the part used to add, delete, change and query the data which is held in the database structure.

opportunists

• People who find an unattended computer which has been left logged in to a system may view, steal or damage information, programs or even hardware

Virus

• These are small programs which can replicate themselves and spread from computer to computer. They are never beneficial; usually they will make some changes to the system they infect and, even if they do no real damage, they are undesirable. They arrive by attaching themselves to files or email messages.

Trojan

• Examples of malware include: computer worms (essentially a computer virus which does not need to attach itself to a file or message); Trojan horses, which appear as some benign program allowing a hacker full access to a system; spyware; adware; and various other nasties. Malware is never beneficial.

Phishing

• This is a type of threat which attempts to gain access to passwords,financial details and other such privileged information. Often this is done by email messages pretending to come from trusted websites, instant messaging or social networks. Normally they try to divert you to a website which looks original and which asks for information about you.

physical barriers

• These include turning off computers and locking offices when the systems are unattended to prevent damage by people, the environment (e.g. fire, flooding, electrical interference) or theft.

password control

• Passwords are sequences of characters, known onlyto the computer user, which allow access to a computer, network or application.Passwords should always be strong so that it is hard for someone else to guess themor work them out.

access levels

• These can be set up to allow individuals to have access to only specific levels of an application and to prevent unauthorised users from accessing particular data.

Anti Virus Software

• This is set up to intercept computer viruses before they can become resident on the computer. The software can isolate the virus , remove it and sometime repair any damage.

Firewall

• This is a piece of software that monitors all data arriving at your computer from the internet and all data leaving your computer. It stops anything that it thinks is harmful or unwanted (such as viruses, spam, Trojan horses and hackers).

Encryption

• This is used to codify data so that it cannot be read by anyone who does not have the key to the code. An algorithm, sometimes known as a cipher, is applied to the data at the transmission end and the reverse is applied at the reception end.

Backup

• Making a backup of data is the only way of recovering from a total data disaster. Many individuals and organisations back up data to Flash solid state storage devices or magnetic tape at night. The tapes are stored safely in a separate place, so that they are not destroyed by any disaster which could destroy the master system (fire, earthquake, etc.).

Data Protection Act 1998

• Provides 8 principles that govern the data about individuals is stored and used.

Computer misuse act 1990

• introduced to protect from hackers and malicious use of viruses

copyright, designs and patents act 1988

• protects creators of original work.

Freedom of information act 200

• Provides individual the right to see information stored about them. Data can also be accessed about public bodies.